Plant Reproduction and Germination

Fruit and seed of the maize plant grows into a 'GRAIN'.

In cycads and ginkgo, the cotyledons remain within the seed and serve to digest the food in the female gametophyte and absorb it into a developing embryo.

Imbibition pressure causing rupture of seed coat is a case of germinating seeds.

This is the correct option. The seeds of gram and pea have two cotyledons.

Flowers generally are the showy part of a plant. Their beauty and fragrance attract pollinators (insects or birds) that play an important role in the reproductive process. Through reproductive process they can produce their kind of plants.

When the dark period of a short day plant is interrupted by a brief exposure of light then the plant will not flower at all.

Lipase enzyme is the most important in the germination of castor seed.

Shorea robusta seeds are recalcitrant - they lose viability quickly (within days to weeks) due to sensitivity to desiccation. Lens esculenta (lentil) seeds are orthodox - they can remain viable for several years when properly dried and stored. Both statements are correct.

In corn (maize), the mature seed is albuminous - it retains endosperm tissue. So statement A says it is exalbuminous (no endosperm), which is incorrect. Therefore B (which says the statement is not correct) is the right answer. Orchid embryos indeed lack cotyledons (they are undifferentiated), and corn embryos do contain young leaves.

Rice seeds can germinate under flooded (anaerobic) conditions because their embryos have adapted to carry out facultative anaerobic respiration - they can switch to fermentation when oxygen is limited. The reason correctly explains the assertion.

 Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, TTC, or simply tetrazolium chloride is a redox indicator commonly used in biochemical experiments especially to indicate cellular respiration.

 Orchid seeds lack endosperm but double fertilisation occurs in orchid.

Monocots are plants with seeds containing one cotyledon (seed leaf). Examples include rice, wheat, maize, and grasses. 'Unicots' (A) and 'protocots' (D) are not valid botanical terms, while dicots (C) have two cotyledons.

Gymnosperms produce naked seeds not enclosed within fruits, representing a key evolutionary stage before angiosperms. Pteridophytes (ferns) and mosses reproduce via spores and lack seeds entirely. Ferns are specifically pteridophytes, not a separate seed-bearing group.

Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) produce spores for reproduction and have multicellular embryo stages, but they lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) and seeds. Pteridophyta (ferns) have vascular tissues. Rhodophyta (red algae) and Pheophyta (brown algae) are algae that don't produce embryos.