Molecular Biology and Genetics

A nucleoside phosphate or a nucleoside with a phosphate group attached at the 5 prime position is called a nucleotide. Hence, this option is the correct answer.

The purine bases are Adenine and Guanine while Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine are pyrimidines. Hence, this option is the correct answer.

Each strand of DNA has both a free 5 prime hydroxyl (OH) group and a free 3 prime OH group at the other end. Hence, this option is the correct answer.

RNA and DNA can be distinguished on the basis of the presence of ribose and uracil in RNA, and deoxyribose and thymine in DNA. Hence, this option is the correct answer.

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine through 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds. This difference contributes to DNA stability and the melting temperature of the double helix.

DNA is a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers linked together in a chain. The prefix 'poly-' means many, referring to the long chain structure of DNA molecules where individual nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds.

tRNA has a characteristic clover leaf secondary structure formed by internal hydrogen bonding between complementary bases. This structure contains the anticodon loop, amino acid attachment site, and other loops essential for its function in translation. The 3D structure is actually L-shaped, but clover leaf is the correct description of the 2D structure.

International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSD) consists of the following databases: DNA Data Bank of Japan (National Institute of Genetics) EMBL (European Bioinformatics Institute) GenBank (National Centre for Biotechnology Information)

The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) consists of a joint effort to collect and disseminate databases containing DNA and RNA sequences.

Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative. It is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. It has a tautomer known as 6-Hydroxypurine. Hypoxanthine is a necessary additive in certain cell, bacteria, and parasite cultures .

Famciclovir is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster (shingles). It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability.

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information.

Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2).

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, building on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction data and Erwin Chargaff's base-pairing rules.

Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chlorine ions.Caesium chloride is widely used in isopycnic centrifugation for separating various types of DNA. It is a reagent in analytica  l chemistry, where it is used to identify ions by the colour and morphology of the precipitate.