Modern Indian History

The Indian National Congress split into extremists (led by Tilak) and moderates (led by Gokhale) at the Surat Session in 1907. The split occurred over methods of achieving independence - moderates favored constitutional methods while extremists demanded swaraj. Banaras, Pune, and Bombay sessions did not see this formal split.

C. Rajagopalachari's daughter Laxmi married Devdas Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi's son. Therefore, Laxmi was the daughter-in-law of Mahatma Gandhi. Option B is correct.

India signed the UN Charter on 26 June 1945 and officially became a UN member on 30 October 1945, before its independence in 1947. 15th August 1947 was India's independence day, not UN membership. 26th January 1950 is when India became a Republic.

The year 1913 marks the release of 'Raja Harishchandra', widely considered India's first full-length feature film by Dadasaheb Phalke. This is regarded as the birth of Indian cinema. While film screenings occurred earlier (1896), 1913 represents indigenous feature filmmaking beginning.

The Indian Constitution adopted Hindi as the official language in 1949, but its implementation was phased. January 26, 1965 marks when Hindi officially became the principal official language of the Union, replacing English in most official functions (though English continued as an associate official language).

The historic Goa opinion poll was conducted on 16th January 1967 to determine whether Goa should remain a Union Territory or merge with Maharashtra. The people voted to retain Goa's separate status as a Union Territory. December 1961 marks Operation Vijay when India liberated Goa from Portuguese rule, not the opinion poll.

Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Atmaram Pandurang with the aim of reforming Hindu religious practices. Gopal Hari Deshmukh ('Lokahitwadi') was associated with it but not the founder. Keshab Chandra Sen led the Brahmo Samaj in Bengal.

Gandhiji first started his Satyagraha movement in 1906 in Johannesburg, South Africa, protesting against the Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance requiring fingerprint registration and passes for Indians. Pietermaritzburg is where he was thrown off a train (1893), and Dandi was much later (1930).

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) officially inaugurated World Teachers' Day in 1994 to commemorate the signing of the 1966 ILO/UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers. While the UN is the parent organization, UNESCO specifically led this initiative for education.

Teachers' Day in India honors Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, India's second President (1962-1967) and a distinguished philosopher and educator. When his students wanted to celebrate his birthday in 1962, he requested that the day be dedicated to honoring all teachers instead, establishing this enduring tradition.

Teachers' Day was first celebrated in India in 1962, the year Dr. S. Radhakrishnan assumed office as President of India. When students approached him to celebrate his birthday, he suggested observing September 5th as Teachers' Day to recognize all educators' contributions to nation-building.

The Indian Constitution was inaugurated and came into effect on January 26, 1950, which is now celebrated as Republic Day. The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, but its actual implementation began on January 26, 1950.

The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganized Indian state boundaries primarily on linguistic basis. This followed the creation of Andhra Pradesh in 1953 and the States Reorganisation Commission's recommendations. Option D correctly identifies this landmark year in federal reorganization.

Phu Dorjee Sherpa was the first Indian to climb Mount Everest without oxygen in 1984 as part of an Indian expedition. This was a significant achievement in high-altitude mountaineering. Options A, B, and C are other notable Indian mountaineers but not the first to achieve this specific feat.

Hu Shih (also spelled Hu Shi), a renowned Chinese scholar, philosopher, and diplomat, made this statement acknowledging India's profound cultural influence on China through Buddhism, philosophy, and the arts over two millennia. He recognized that this cultural conquest happened peacefully through intellectual and spiritual exchange rather than military force.