Modern Indian History

Rabindranath Tagore composed 'Jana Gana Mana,' which was adopted as India's National Anthem in 1950. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote 'Vande Mataram,' Subhas Chandra Bose was a freedom fighter, and Mahatma Gandhi was the independence movement leader - neither composed the national anthem.

The Sepoy Mutiny, also called the First War of Indian Independence or the Rebellion of 1857, began in May 1857. This was a major uprising against British East India Company rule. 1923, 1498, and 1875 are incorrect - 1498 is Vasco da Gama's arrival, and 1875 is unrelated.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak started 'Kesari' (Marathi) in 1881 and 'Maratha' (English) in 1881 to serve as mouthpieces for Indian nationalism during the freedom struggle. 'Ghadhar' was started by Lala Hardayal, 'Free Hindustan' by Taraknath Das, and 'Swadesamitran' was a Tamil newspaper.

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement (August 1942) during the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay. The Non-cooperation movement (1920), Civil Disobedience movement (1930), and Indian National movement (broader term) were different initiatives at different times.

India adopted its Constitution on 26th January 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day. The Constituent Assembly completed drafting in November 1949, but adoption happened in January 1950. 9th December 1946 was when the Constituent Assembly first met, 20th February 1947 is unrelated, and 15th August 1947 was Independence Day.

Nathuram Godse assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948, at a prayer meeting in Birla House, New Delhi. Godse was a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and his accommodation of Muslim interests.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, which was then part of the Porbandar State in the Kathiawar Agency of the British Indian Empire (now in Gujarat, India). This date is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday in India, and Gandhi's birthday is also recognized as the International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was married to Kasturbai Makhanji in May 1883 when he was 13 years old, following the custom of child marriage prevalent in 19th century India. Kasturbai was 14 at the time of their arranged marriage, which was a common practice in that era despite later reforms against child marriage.

Gandhiji authored both 'Hind Swaraj' (1909) and 'My Experiments with Truth' (autobiography serialized in 1920s). Hind Swaraj outlines his political philosophy, while his autobiography details his life and principles. 'Light of India' is not associated with Gandhiji.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel met Gandhiji for about an hour on January 30, 1948, departing just minutes before Gandhiji was shot on his way to the prayer meeting at Birla House. This is well-documented in historical accounts of that day.

Gandhiji's concept of 'Swaraj' meant freedom for the meanest person in India - not just political independence from British rule, but liberation for every individual, especially the poorest and most marginalized. This is a key Gandhian principle.

Gandhiji adopted the loin cloth in 1921 after returning from South Africa, as part of his commitment to simple living and solidarity with India's rural poor. This decision came during the Non-Cooperation Movement. The other options (1925, 1930, 1932) are incorrect as they occur after this transformational decision.

Gandhiji's father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as the Diwan (prime minister) of Porbandar state. A Diwan was a high-ranking administrative official in princely states, responsible for governance and revenue collection. This position afforded the family considerable respect and status in society.

Gandhiji's childhood nickname was 'Moniya' or 'Manu'. This affectionate name was used by his family and close friends during his early years in Porbandar and Rajkot. The name 'Moniya' was a common diminutive form in Gujarati culture.

During his stay in England (1888-1891), Gandhiji joined the Vegetarian Society and became an active member. He had already committed to vegetarianism before leaving India and found community through this society. He even served on the executive committee and wrote articles for their publication.