Modern Indian History

Movement for freedom from British rule 1857-1947, employing a legacy of economic and political protest. Main leaders - Gandhiji, Nehru, Patel, Naidu, W. C. Bonnerjee, Dada Bhai Naoroji, etc. 

Accessibility to education is one of the main advantages to present day education. In the past, education was only for the wealthy. The poor were not given an opportunity to improve their lot in life. Females were also denied an education by virtue of the fact they would get married and so, an education would be wasted on females. 

Gandhiji was a firm believer of the ancient literature. This is where he found the concept for truth and non-violence.

In the Champaran district of Bihar, the cultivators were forced by Europeans to grow indigo, a blue dye, and this imposed on them untold sufferings. They could not grow the food they needed nor did they receive adequate payment for the indigo.

Communal Award was highly controversial and opposed by Mahatma Gandhi, who fasted in protest against it.

The Indian National Movement is typically divided into three phases: Moderate Era (1885-1905), Extremist Era (1905-1919), and Gandhian Era (1919-1947). The Nehruvian Era (1950-1964) refers to Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership of independent India, which is NOT part of the freedom movement. Option A is wrongly included because it's post-independence.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. It was a political agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin (Viceroy of India) that ended the Civil Disobedience Movement. Key terms included release of political prisoners, return of confiscated property, and right to make salt for consumption, while Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

The British East India Company established its earliest trading post at Surat in 1612-13, followed by Madras (Chennai) in 1639. Bombay came next in 1661-1668 when it was acquired from the Portuguese as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry, and finally Calcutta in 1690. This chronology reflects the Company's gradual expansion from western to eastern India over nearly a century.

The Diwani rights for Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa were granted to the East India Company by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 following the Battle of Buxar. This pivotal moment, formalized in the Treaty of Allahabad, gave the Company the right to collect revenues while leaving administrative authority nominally with the Nawab. This marked the beginning of formal British political control in India.

The Kuka movement was organized in Punjab during the late 19th century as a religious and political uprising against British rule. Led by figures like Baba Ram Singh, it sought to restore Sikh sovereignty and purify Sikh religious practices. The movement gained particular strength in the Sikh holy city of Amritsar and surrounding regions.

Correct answer is (3). 

Macaulay wanted to westernise Indian education through the minor intellectuals of India. This was known as the Downwards Filtration Theory. 

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of India between 1848 and 1856. 

Battle of Plassey was fought between Siraj-ud-Daulah and Robert Clive.

Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan (Mir Jaffer) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice.