Medieval and Islamic History

After Babar's death in 1530, his son Humayun ascended the throne of Delhi. Humayun faced immediate challenges from Sher Shah Suri and other rivals. His reign was interrupted twice - he lost the throne to Sher Shah Suri in 1540 but regained it in 1555 after 15 years of exile.

Din-i-Illahi (Divine Faith) was a syncretic religion introduced by Akbar in 1582. It combined elements from Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity to promote religious tolerance and unity. However, it had limited following and didn't survive beyond Akbar's reign.

After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son Islam Shah (also known as Islam Shah Suri) took over the kingdom. He ruled from 1545 to 1554 and maintained the Sur Empire's administration. However, his reign was shorter and less stable than his father's, leading to the empire's eventual collapse.

Birbal was one of the nine gems (Navaratnas) in Emperor Akbar's court, renowned for his cleverness, wit, and wisdom. He served as Akbar's chief advisor and was famous for solving complex problems through humor and intelligence. The other options (Surbal, Bahubal, Durbal) are fictional names not associated with Akbar's court.

Maharana Pratap of Mewar was the prominent Rajput ruler who steadfastly refused to accept Akbar's suzerainty and continued resistance against Mughal expansion.

Moinuddin Chishti (1143-1236 CE), also known as Gharib Nawaz, was the most famous Sufi saint associated with Ajmer. He founded the Chishti order in the Indian subcontinent, and his dargah in Ajmer remains one of the most important Sufi shrines.

Babar defeated Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa in 1527. This victory consolidated Babar's position in northern India after his earlier triumph at Panipat.

Abul Fazl, one of the Nine Jewels in Akbar's court, wrote the Akbarnama (Book of Akbar), which is the official history of Akbar's reign. It consists of three volumes covering Akbar's ancestry, reign, and administrative structure. Ibn Batutah was a traveler, Badauni was a historian critical of Akbar, and Ferishta wrote about Deccan sultanates.

Tansen (1506-1589) was one of the nine gems (Navaratnas) in Emperor Akbar's court and was a legendary musician. He is credited with creating the Raga Darbari Kanth. Options A, C, and D are incorrect - Amir Khusro was in court of earlier rulers, Ramdas was a saint, and Abul Fazl was a historian in Akbar's court (not a musician).

After Alexander defeated Porus at the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BC, he was so impressed by Porus's bravery that he asked him how he should be treated. Porus replied 'As a King treats a King' (or 'like a king'). Alexander then restored Porus to his kingdom and made him an ally.

Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 CE) was the most powerful and significant ruler of the Khalji dynasty, known for his administrative reforms, market control policies, and military conquests in the Deccan. He successfully defended against Mongol invasions and expanded the Delhi Sultanate significantly. Jalaluddin founded the dynasty but was less powerful, Mubarak was his weak successor, and Malik Kafur was a military commander (not a ruler).

Akbar abolished the discriminatory 'Pilgrim Tax' (jazia) in 1564 as part of his policy of religious tolerance and integration. This tax was traditionally levied on non-Muslims (mainly Hindus) for practicing their religion and undertaking pilgrimages.

Din-i-Ilahi (Divine Faith) was a syncretic religion founded by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1582 AD. It combined elements of Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Akbar created this faith to promote religious tolerance and unity in his diverse empire. Prophet Mohammad founded Islam, Aurangzeb was a orthodox Muslim ruler, and Nadir Shah was a Persian invader.