Medieval and Islamic History

Correct answer is (2). 

Ibn Battuta (1304-1369 CE) lived during the Delhi Sultanate period. Mohammad bin Tughlaq (1324-1351 CE) was indeed ruling when Ibn Battuta visited India in 1333 CE. Balban preceded him by decades, Mahmud of Ghazni lived three centuries earlier, and Alauddin Khilji died before Ibn Battuta's travels began.

During the Sultanate period, 'Amir' was a title used for military commanders or nobles in the administrative hierarchy. The term referred to a high-ranking official, often equivalent to a military commander or prince, rather than someone solely defined by wealth or treasury functions. The Sultanate administration had a clear ranking system with military commanders holding significant power.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Frontier Gandhi, founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) movement in 1930 among the Pashtuns of NWFP. It was a non-violent resistance movement against British rule, distinct from the movements led by Abul Kalam Azad, Maulana Mohammad Ali, or Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan.

Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in the Red Fort was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1647-48. The mosque, constructed with white marble, was used by the royal family for private prayers. Its architectural beauty features three marble domes and a prayer hall adorned with intricate carvings, reflecting the elegance of Shah Jahan's reign which also saw the construction of the Taj Mahal and Jama Masjid.

Correct Answer: Iltumish

Akbar founded Din-i-Elahi (Divine Faith) in 1582 as a syncretic religious movement that blended elements from Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Jainism. It was an attempt to promote religious tolerance and unity but did not survive long after Akbar's death.

Arabs were the first to bring Islam to India, arriving as traders in the 7th century CE (particularly in Kerala), well before the Turkic and Central Asian invasions. The Turks (including Slave Rulers) came in the 12th century, while Khaljis emerged later in the 13th century.

Babur was indeed a first-rate poet who wrote in both Persian and Chagatai Turkic. His autobiography 'Baburnama' is considered a masterpiece of Turki literature and contains his poetry. While Akbar patronized the arts, Jahangir wrote memoirs, and Shah Jahan commissioned architecture, Babur stands out as the most accomplished poet among the great Mughals.

The Peacock Throne was commissioned by Shah Jahan (1628-1658) for the Mughal Empire, adorned with precious jewels including the Koh-i-Noor. Jahangir was his father, Akbar his grandfather, and Babur the founder - none ruled during the throne's creation.

Id-ul-Milad commemorates the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. It is observed by Muslims worldwide with prayers, recitations of the Quran, and processions celebrating the Prophet's life and teachings.

Mahmud of Ghazni conducted 17 plundering expeditions into India between 1000-1025 CE, most famously destroying the Somnath Temple in Gujarat in 1024 CE. His invasions were primarily motivated by wealth accumulation from temple treasuries rather than territorial conquest. These raids marked the beginning of systematic Turkish invasions into North India.

Shah Jahan commissioned the Red Fort (Lal Qila) between 1638-1648 when he shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi. The fort served as the main residence of Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years. Built with red sandstone, it represents the pinnacle of Mughal architecture under Shah Jahan's patronage, who also built the Taj Mahal and Jama Masjid.

Babar established the Mughal Empire after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, marking the beginning of Mughal rule in India. Akbar and Aurangzeb were later rulers who expanded the empire, while Jahangir was Babar's grandson.

Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh in 712 AD, marking the first Muslim invasion of the Indian subcontinent. He was a 17-year-old general sent by the Umayyad Caliphate to control the region. Raja Dahir was the Hindu ruler of Sindh at that time, who was defeated by this invasion.