Medieval and Islamic History

The Asthapradhan (council of eight ministers) was the administrative system established by Shivaji to organize his Maratha kingdom. The eight ministers included the Peshwa (prime minister), Amatya (finance minister), and others overseeing foreign affairs, war, justice, and internal administration. Krishnadeva Rai had a different council in Vijayanagar, Tipu Sultan had his own system, and Akbar used the Mansabdari system.

Jehangir granted permission to the English East India Company to establish their first factory at Surat in 1613. This came after Captain William Hawkins had earlier visited Jehangir's court, and the formal permission marked the beginning of British trade presence in India. The factory at Surat became a crucial trading post for the British.

The Rawat-i-Arz (also known as Ariz-i-Mumalik) was the minister responsible for military organization in the Delhi Sultanate. This officer managed military recruitment, equipment, organization of contingents, and payment of soldiers. The position was crucial for maintaining the Sultanate's military efficiency and administrative control.

Ain-i-Akbari is a 16th-century detailed document of the Mughal Empire under Akbar's reign, written by his court historian Abul Fazl. It's part of his larger work Akbarnama.

The East India Company was established in 1600. Akbar ruled from 1556-1605, making him the reigning Mughal emperor when the EIC was founded. Other options ruled in earlier centuries.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (ruled 1351-1388) transported Ashoka's pillar from Topra (Ambala) to Delhi in 1356. He was fascinated by ancient artifacts and installed several pillars in his kingdom.

Jalal-ud-din Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty in 1290 CE after overthrowing the last slave dynasty ruler, Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad. He ruled from 1290 to 1296 CE. Alauddin Khilji was his more famous nephew and successor, not the founder. The other names are not historical rulers.

Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, died in 1556 after accidentally falling down the stairs of his library (Sher Mandal) in Delhi. The head injury proved fatal. Babar died of illness, Sher Shah Suri died in a cannon explosion, and Muhammad Gori was assassinated - none from head injuries.

Birbal, one of the nine gems (Navaratnas) in Emperor Akbar's court, was born as Mahesh Das. He was given the name Birbal by Akbar, which is a combination of 'Bir' (bravery) and 'Bal' (strength). He was known for his wit, wisdom, and close advisory relationship with Akbar, appearing in many popular folk tales.

Prithviraja Chauhan (Prithviraj Chauhan) defeated Muhammad of Ghor in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191, temporarily halting the Ghurid invasion of North India. However, Muhammad of Ghor returned the next year and defeated Prithviraj in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, which ultimately led to the establishment of Islamic rule in Delhi.

Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316) implemented an extensive market regulation and price control system to maintain a large standing army and control inflation, especially during famines. His regime fixed prices for essential commodities, regulated supply, and used state granaries to stabilize markets. The others did not enforce such comprehensive price controls.

Din-e-Elahi (Divine Faith) was a syncretic religious initiative founded by Akbar in 1582, blending elements of Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Akbar, known for his religious tolerance and curiosity, aimed to create a universal religion that could unify his diverse empire. It never gained mass following but reflected Akbar's inclusive philosophy.

Ibn Battuta visited India during the reign of Mohammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 CE), arriving in 1333 and staying until around 1341. He served as a qadi (judge) in the Sultanate court and documented his observations of Indian society, administration, and culture. The other options are from different periods - Alivardi Khan (18th century Bengal), Ala-ud-din Khalji (13th-14th century), Iltumish (early 13th century).

Even if the founder of wakf directs that a mutawalli not be removed in any case, he may be removed from his office by the court. The court can remove mutawalli if he is guilty of misfeasance or breach of trust, or is found to be otherwise unfit to hold the office.