Medieval and Islamic History

Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan (Mir Jaffer) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice.

Akbar introduced the concept of Sulh-i-Kul (Universal Peace) - a policy of religious tolerance and harmony that aimed at peaceful coexistence of all religions. He abolished the jizya tax, held inter-faith discussions, and created a syncretic Din-i-Ilahi. Other Mughal rulers did not emphasize this philosophy to the same extent.

A Dargah is the tomb or shrine of a Sufi saint, serving as a place of pilgrimage and spiritual devotion in Islamic Sufi tradition. The word literally means 'portal' or 'threshold' in Persian. Khanqah refers to a Sufi lodge or hospice where mystics lived and practiced, while Idgah is an open prayer enclosure for Eid prayers, and Ibadatgah means a house of worship. The Dargah tradition is particularly strong in South Asia, with famous examples like Ajmer Sharif and Haji Ali.

Mustafa Khan is the actual name of Bacchu Khan.

Shias and Malikis do not recognise this form. Shia law does not recognise any form of irrevocable talaq. It is legally valid for Sunnis but not for Shias. Talaq-ul-Biddat is recognised by Sunni muslims but considered sinful. It has been said that this type of Talaq is theologically improper. 

Mahadaji Sindhia was the Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India. Mahadaji was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the debacle of the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In early 1771, Mahadji recaptured Delhi and installed Shah Alam II as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne, receiving in return the title of deputy Vakil-ul-Mutlak or vice-regent of the Empire and that of Vakil-ul-Mutlak being at his request conferred on the Peshwa. The Mughals also gave him the title of Amir-ul-Amara (head of the amirs).

In the Maratha administrative system, the Sumant or Dabir was the foreign minister responsible for managing diplomatic relations, receiving ambassadors from other states, and handling matters related to external affairs and interstate correspondence.

In 1206, Shahabuddin Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak as his Naib-us-Sultanate in India at a grand darbar at Lahore, which was attended by a large majority of the nobles and dignitaries of his kingdom. It was at this occasion that Shahabuddin Ghori bestowed upon Qutb-ud-din the title of Aibak, meaning Axis of the Faith.

Aram Shah succeeded Aibak but was faced by a rebellious Iltutmish in battle. Aram was beaten in the battle and Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, another ex-slave and an outstanding ruler of Turkic ancestry who was married to Aibak's daughter, succeeded him as Sultan of Delhi. The surviving sons of the Sultan were incapable of the task of administration. In 1236 Iltutmish, on his death-bed, nominated his daughter Raziya as his heiress.

Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first Muslim Emperor of India who ruled from his capital in Delhi, where he built Qutub Minar and the Quwwat Al Islam Mosque. He was a central Asian Turkish warrior by descendency, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave Dynasty (also known as the Ghulam Dynasty) of India. Sultan Qutbuddin died accidentally in 1210, while he was playing a game of polo in Lahore on horseback.

Muhammad- Bin- Tughlaq transferred his capital from Delhi to Devagiri. The plan proved disastrous due to Mongol Attack on North. And since this happened in summer, many people died because of inadequate water supply arrangements in Daulatabad; after only two years, the capital had to be shifted back again to Delhi, again at great loss, and it was said that Delhi was a ghost town for years after the move back. "When I entered Delhi, it was almost like a desert", wrote the famed North African travel writer, Ibn Battuta.

Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq, real name Ghazi Malik (died in February 1325), was the founder and the first ruler of the Turkic Muslim Tughluq dynasty in India, who reigned over Sultanate of Delhi (1320 - 1325). Muhammad Shah Tughluq was the title conferred on Ghazi Malik by his son Fakhr Malik. Ghiyas-ud-Din was succeeded by his son Muhammad bin Tughluq.

Slave dynasty - Founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in1206 Khilji dynasty - Founded by Jalal ud din Firoz Khilji in 1290 Tughlaq dynasty - Founded by Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq in 1320 Sayyid dynasty - Founded by Khizr Khan in 1414 Lodi dynasty - Founded by Bahlul Lodi in 1451

The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic Empire to have enthroned female ruler in India. Razia Sultana (1236-1240) is the example for this fact. Qutb-ud-din Aibak was a former slave (Mamluk) of Muhammad of Ghor.

The correct sequence is: Change of Capital - Token Currency - Plan to invade Khorasan - Establishment of Swargdwari