Medieval and Islamic History

The famous Sufi poet, Amir Khusrau wrote a historic masnavi (or poem) “Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs)” about the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and other Tughlaq rulers.

In the Delhi Sultanate an administrative unit called paragana was headed by an official known as Amil.

Answer - (A) - Alauddin Khilji

Nauroj is a New year celebration on March 21 every year for Parsis.

Slave dynasty (1206-1290)- It was founded by Qutabuddin Aibak.

During the Delhi Sultanate period, the group of priests included Brahmins and Ulemas. Brahmins, as well as Ulemas, were given tax-free land grants so they were also rich and powerful. During most of Sultanate era (except under Alauddin Khilji}, the influence of Ulema was so much that it often influenced the policies and administration of the Sultan.

Kanhad dev was an Indian king belonging to the Chahamana dynasty, who ruled the area around Javalipura (present-day Jalore in Rajasthan). 

Ghiyasuddin Balban became the ruler of slave dynasty in 1266 after the death of Nasiruddin Mahmud. He believed in the divinity of kingship. He believed that his power as the king was absolute. He claimed himself to be the representative of God. None could challenge his power. He made his court both dignified and majestic. The nobles had to perform "Sizdah" before him. He proved himself to be the greatest king of the slave dynasty.

In 1398, Timur invaded northern India during that time the Delhi Sultanate was ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq Dynasty.  Delhi was sacked and left in ruins by him Capture of Delhi was one of his greatest achievement.

Timur was a Mongol. He was the ruler of Samarkand in Central Asia. Timur came to Delhi and devastated it. After that, he appointed Khizr Khan to look after his conquered territory. Khizr Khan was the first ruler of Saiyad dynasty. 

Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth Sultan of Kashmir. He abolished Jaziya and banned the slaughter of cows also he had reconstructed and rehabilitated many temples. He was popularly known as 'Akbar of Kashmir'  because of his policy of religious toleration and public welfare activities.

Muhammad- bin - Tughluq was a brilliant scholar. He was a knowledgeable person and well versed in astronomy, poetry, philosophy, logic, medicine, physical science, and mathematics. He had a high sense of justice. He was a great poet and a good orator. But all his qualities failed in his practical life. He died in 1351.

Iltutmish who was the third ruler of the Slave dynasty of Delhi constituted a corp of 40 loyal slaves Amirs Known as Turkana-i-Chihalgani. It was the selected body of Turkish nobility which was destroyed by Balban later. 

From the time of Balban the iqtadars were expected to send the excess of the income to the center after meeting his and the army’s expenses this was known as Fawazil. It was done to maintain a balance between the income and expenditure of Iqta-holders.