Medieval and Islamic History

Malik Muhammad Jayasi was an Indian Sufi poet. His best-known work is the epic poem Padmavat which is the story of king Ratan Singh, his queen Padmini of Mewar and  Alauddin Khalji desire for Padmini.

Al-Biruni was born in 973, in Khwarizm in present-day Uzbekistan. Khwarizm was an important center of learning, and Al-Biruni received the best education available at the time. Al-Beruni came to India during the period of Sultan of Muhammad of Ghazni.

Alauddin Khalji was the powerful ruler. He extended the boundaries of Delhi sultanate beyond Vindhyas up to the Deccan. He was a great administrator. To maintain his army, Alauddin Khalji gave the order to measure all land which was under cultivation. The land was divided and land revenue fixed according to its fertility. He also began the audit of the accounts of his officers.

In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq Dynasty. 

Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to issue regular currency and declare Delhi as the capital of his empire. He was the second ruler of the Delhi Sultanate (1211 – 1236), belonging to the Mamluk dynasty.

Kitab al-Hind is is the result of long years of hard work and  perseverance of Al-Biruni’s who was an Iranian scholar. He had written about the religious, political and intellectual aspects of  india. The book is divided into 80 chapters each with a sub-heading indicating the topics which it relates. 

The nobles were a powerful force in the Sultanate period. Most of the nobles were Turkish in origin. Most of the provincial governors, military commanders and high ranking officials in the government came from this noble class.

Alauddin Khalji implemented strict agrarian reforms, including the collection of land revenue at the rate of 50 percent of the produce, to maintain a large standing army and control inflation.

Answer - (B) - 2,4,3,1

Answer- (D) - Iltutmish

Sijdah means bowing down and touching the head to the Sultan's feet to show salutations. It was introduced by Balban.

Amir Khusrau is regarded as 'Father of Qawwali.' He was an Indian musician, Scholar & poet. He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of Indian Subcontinent. He is said to have witnessed the reign of eight Delhi Sultans from Balban to Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Nauroz is the Iranian and Persian New Year; it is the first day of spring, this festival was introduced by Ghiyas ud din Balban. Later on, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb abolished the celebration of Nauroz.

Amir Khusrau, was a Persian musician, poet, and scholar associated with the rulers of Delhi Sultanate. Besides being the first writer to use Urdu as a medium of poetic expression, He also wrote poetry primarily in Persian, Hindi, and Urdu.