Lipids, Fats, and Biochemistry

 Accumulation of lipids in arteries causes reduced blood supply to the heart due to the formation of  atheromatous plaques [lipids,macrophages] and this condition may give rise to heart attack and  is termed as atherosclerotic heart disease.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) appears rough under the microscope because ribosomes are attached to its outer surface. Ribosomes are the protein-synthesizing machinery that give RER its characteristic textured appearance.

Leucoplasts are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast.

The plasma membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids (lipids) and proteins, arranged in the fluid mosaic model. Lipids form the basic bilayer structure, while proteins perform functions like transport, signaling, and enzymatic activity. Carbohydrates are present but are attached to proteins or lipids, not a major component.

Cholesterol is a fatty alcohol (sterol) found in animal fats and cell membranes. It is not related to chlorine (A), chlorophyll (B), or blood sugar (D). Cholesterol is essential for hormone production and cell membrane structure in animals.

Bile emulsifies fats, breaking large fat globules into smaller droplets to increase surface area for lipase enzymes to act upon. This emulsification is crucial for fat digestion and absorption. Bile does not act on proteins (broken down by proteases), carbohydrates (broken down by amylases), or esters.

Carnitine is essential for transporting long-chain fatty acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The carnitine shuttle converts fatty acyl-CoA to fatty acylcarnitine, transports it across, then regenerates fatty acyl-CoA inside for beta-oxidation.

Cycloartenol is an important type of stanol found in plants. The biosynthesis of cycloartenol starts from the triterpenoid squalene. It is the first precursor in the biosynthesis of other stanols and sterols.

Phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophan: Glucogenic as well as ketogenic amino acids.

Docosahexaenoic acid is produced by marine alga Crypthecodinium cohnii. It is used in baby foods.

This is true. The fermentation technology used for the production of single-cell oils is very expensive.

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are the basis of life as they store and transmit genetic information. While proteins are essential, they are products of nucleic acids, making nucleic acids the fundamental basis.

Trimethylamine is an flammable tertiary amine. It is a product of decomposition of plants and animals. It is the substance mainly responsible for the odour often associated with fouling fish, infection and bad breath. It is also associated with taking large doses of choline and carnitine.

The soil fungus Mortierella alpina is used for the production of oils rich in arachidonic acid.

α-Parinaric acid occurs naturally in the seeds of the makita tree. Both the alpha and beta (all trans) isomers of parinaric acid are used as molecular probes of lipid-lipid interactions by monitoring phase transitions in bilayer lipid membranes. α-Parinaric acid was shown to integrate normally into the phospholipid bilayer of mammalian cells.