Lipids, Fats, and Biochemistry

Both carbohydrates and fats serve as primary energy sources. Carbohydrates provide quick energy (4 calories/g) while fats provide concentrated sustained energy (9 calories/g). The body uses both for different energy needs depending on activity level and duration.

Chemically all antibodies are proteins.

Plasma membranes of prokaryotes are less rigid because they lack sterols. However,  the prokaryote mycoplasma despite being a prokaryote contains sterols.

Cholesterol is an important sterol found in animal tissues. A sterol is the one in which the steroid nucleus (4 fused rings in which 3 rings have 6 carbons and 1 has 5 carbons) contains one or many hydroxyl groups but no carboxyl or carbonyl groups. It is an important component of plasma lipoproteins and plasma membrane. Cholesterol has a polar hydroxyl group on C-3 and also a hydrocarbon side chain on C-17.

Oleic acid belongs to the class of monounsaturated fatty acids also known as monoenoic acids. Oleic acid consists of one double bond. Its systematic name is cis-9-Octadecenoic acid. Oleic acid is commonly found in natural fats.

Linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and linolenic acid are together known as Essential Fatty Acids (EFA). These fatty acids are not synthesized in the body and ingested by humans and animals for proper working of the cells. Two fatty acids: Linoleic acid (belonging to ω-6 fatty acid) and α-Linolenic acid (belonging to ω-3 fatty acid) are necessary in humans.

Following separation by techniques such as SDS-PAGE or isoelectric focussing, proteins can be blotted by transverse electrophoresis onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) or nitrocellulose membranes and then, identified by staining with appropriately labelled antibodies.

Erucic acid is a toxic fatty acid found in mustard seeds and oil. High levels of erucic acid can cause health problems including cardiac lipidosis. Modern varieties have been bred to reduce erucic acid content. The other acids listed are either beneficial or not major concerns in mustard.

Fat is hydrolyzed by enzyme lipase to yield-glycerol and fatty acids.

Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are damaged. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that begins with strep throat. It can affect connective tissue throughout the body, especially in the heart, joints, brain and skin. Although rheumatic fever can strike people of all ages, it is most common in children between 5 and 15 years old. Rheumatic heart patients are specially advised against taking salt.

It is correct. Excess of carbohydrate gets transformed into fats and is stored around the belly, on the face etc and is used by the body to give energy at the time of need.

Bile salts are bile acids compounded with a cation usually sodium. The main bile salts are taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid. These help in emulsification and digestion of fats.

Phospholipids are most abundant lipids in plasma membrane. They are amphipathic molecules having a hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Two types of phospholipids occur in bilayer: glycerophospholipids, in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids joined to glycerol and sphingophospholipids, in which a single fatty acid is joined to sphingosine.

Options 1, 2 & 3 are true.

Both options 1 & 2 are true about inositol triphosphate.