Invertebrate Zoology

The tube-within-a-tube body plan refers to organisms with a complete digestive tract having both mouth and anus. Ascaris (a nematode) exhibits this body plan, unlike hydra and planaria which have a single opening (sac-like body plan).

Colleterial glands in female cockroaches secrete proteins that form the ootheca - the protective egg case. The ootheca hardens to protect the developing eggs and is deposited in sheltered locations.

In insects, the alary muscles are wing-like muscles associated with the heart that help expand the heart chamber during diastole. These muscles are crucial for facilitating hemolymph flow through the dorsal vessel and are unique to the insect circulatory system.

In arachnids like scorpions, the prosoma (also called cephalothorax) is the anterior body tagma that results from the fusion of the head and thorax segments. The abdomen remains a separate posterior tagma (opisthosoma).

Mandibles of a cockroach help in mastication.

Complete metamorphosis is found in housefly and mosquito. 

Common feature in earthworm and cockroach is the presence of cuticle or exoskeleton on the body surface.

From the lung alveoli, the larvae of ascaris crawl up the bronchi and trachea that is aided by the current caused by the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract and are propelled into the larynx. The larvae leave the respiratory tract by means of cough and once more get swallowed. The larvae then pass down through esophagus to the stomach and localise in the upper part of the small intestine. Another moulting occurs between 25th to 29th days of infection.

 The abdomen of adult cockroaches has 10 segments.

Eisenia fetida, commonly called the red wiggler or manure worm, is the standard species used in vermicomposting due to its rapid reproduction rate, efficient organic matter processing, and tolerance to the composting environment.

It shows both intracellular and extracellular absorption.

These are storage structures of a cockroach. The haemocoel consists of a large number of fat bodies which are fat cells having fat globules, protein granules and glycogen.

In the first stage, a female butterfly lays eggs. The second stage is a caterpillar. A caterpillar is sometimes called larva. Larva grows into a pupa which finally forms adult butterfly.

The sentence has a wrong phrasing, and an incorrect subject verb placement, options (B) and (E) change the extra meaning of the sentence, hence (D) is correct.

Ecdysone induces molting in insects. It is secreted by neurosecretory cells of corpus cardiacum.