Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1867 by stabilizing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth, making it safer to handle. His fortune from dynamite and other explosives established the Nobel Prize foundation. He did not invent aeroplanes, telephones, or safety lamps.

Hideki Yukawa predicted the existence of mesons in 1935 to explain the strong nuclear force, proposing that pions mediate the force between nucleons. His meson theory was confirmed in 1947 when cosmic rays revealed pions. He received the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics for this prediction.

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 through cathode ray tube experiments, demonstrating that cathode rays were negatively charged particles much lighter than atoms. His 'plum pudding' model proposed electrons embedded in positive charge. This earned him the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Robert Charles Gallo is an American biomedical researcher. He is best known for his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in the development of the HIV blood test, and he has been a major contributor to subsequent HIV research.

William Harvey published 'De Motu Cordis' in 1628, establishing that blood circulates through the body pumped by the heart, overturning the Galenic view that the liver was the central organ of circulation. Harvey demonstrated through experiments that blood flows in a continuous loop through arteries and veins.

Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation in 1859 using his famous swan-neck flask experiment. He showed that microorganisms only appeared in broths when exposed to air containing dust particles, not from spontaneous generation from non-living matter.

Under differential piece rates of wage payment, workers attaining or exceeding the standard draw their pay at a higher rate and those falling short of the standard are compensated at a lower wage rate. This system was devised by Frederick Taylor.

James Harrison, an Australian inventor, developed the first practical refrigeration system in 1856. His vapor-compression refrigeration system became the foundation for modern refrigerators. The other options are inventors in different fields: Colt (firearms), Fleming (penicillin), and Mudt (not a recognized inventor).

Beadle and Tatum showed that each gene in an organism controls the production of specific enzymes.

According to this theory, life is distributed throughout the cosmos in the form of resistant spores of living forms known as cosmozoa. This theory was supported by H. F. C. Crick in his book 'Life Itself - Its Origin and Nature'.

He gave symbiotic theory.

Miller and Urey showed that amino acids like glycine and alanine and even more complex compounds can be synthesised in vitro and proved the biochemical theory of origin of life.

He proved with goose-neck flask that air contains spores of microorganisms. Thus, biogenesis theory was strongly supported by Pasteur's experiment.

He presented the biochemical explanation of origin of life in his book 'The Origin of Life on Earth'.