Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Dr. Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer, is credited with inventing the first handheld mobile phone. He made the first public call on a prototype mobile device in 1973. Joel Engel was a rival researcher at Bell Labs who Cooper famously called during that first demonstration. Thomas Savery was an inventor from much earlier (17th century).

Dr. Martin Cooper is credited with inventing the first handheld mobile phone while working at Motorola in 1973. He made the first public call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973. Thomas Savery was an inventor who worked on steam engines, Joel Engel worked at Bell Labs, and Dr. Salvo Ericson is not a documented historical figure.

Jagadish Chandra Bose demonstrated wireless telegraphy in 1895 in Calcutta, before Marconi's 1897 demonstration. However, Bose did not patent his work, leading to Marconi being more widely credited. The question acknowledges this historical fact.

The concept of zero as both a number and a place-holder was developed by ancient Indian mathematicians, particularly Brahmagupta in the 7th century CE. While Mayans also used zero independently, the modern decimal system with zero originated in India. Arabs transmitted Indian mathematical knowledge to Europe, which is why we have Arabic numerals. Romans did not have a concept of zero in their numeral system.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is the only organization to have won the Nobel Peace Prize three times - in 1917, 1944, and 1963. These awards recognized its humanitarian work during World War I, World War II, and for its ongoing humanitarian efforts globally. Marie Curie won twice, but only in two different sciences (Physics and Chemistry).

Leonhard Euler founded graph theory in 1736 when he solved the Königsberg bridge problem. Peterson and Kuratowsky contributed later, and John Von Neumann is known for computing architecture, not graph theory.

Gyro Gearloose is the scientist/inventor who works for Scrooge McDuck in the Duck Tales universe. He is a chicken who creates various inventions and gadgets. The name in the question is shortened to 'Gyro'.

Charles Babbage is widely regarded as the father of the computer for designing the Analytical Engine in the 1830s, which contained principles found in modern computers. However, the electronic computer as we know it today was developed by many people over time. For GK purposes, Babbage is the accepted answer.

C.W. Thornthwaite developed a climate classification system in 1948 that used evapotranspiration (potential and actual) as a key parameter, unlike Koppen's system which was based primarily on temperature and precipitation. Kendrew (Option C) and Austin Miller (Option D) were climatologists but not associated with the evapotranspiration-based classification.

Hargobind Khorana (spelled Khurana in the question) synthesized the first fully artificial gene in 1970, for which he won the Nobel Prize. Robert Holley and Marshall Nirenberg were also Nobel laureates for related work on genetic code, while Jagdish Chandra Bose was a physicist/biologist from an earlier era.

Charles Babbage is widely regarded as the 'Father of Computer' for his work on the Analytical Engine and Difference Engine in the 1830s-1840s. While others like Konrad Zuse built early computers, Babbage's conceptual and mechanical work laid the foundation for modern computing. The title recognizes his pioneering vision.

Engineer, architect, and mason are all construction/design professionals who work on building structures. Mechanic repairs vehicles and machinery, not buildings.

James Gosling developed Java in 1995 at Sun Microsystems. He is widely known as the 'Father of Java.' Dennis Ritchie created the C programming language, Donald D. Chamberlin co-developed SQL, and 'Hawkin' is not associated with any major programming language.

Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer, is credited with inventing the first modern handheld cellular phone. He made the first public call from a handheld mobile phone in 1973. Graham Bell invented the telephone, William Harvey discovered blood circulation, and John pint is not a recognized inventor in this context.