Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Graphene was first isolated in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester.

Bateson explained the lack of independent assortment by means of a hypothesis known as coupling and repulsion hypothesis. Although coupling and repulsion were discovered later to be the aspects of same phenomenon. It is called as linkage, the terms coupling phase and repulsion phase are still considered to be useful terms in scientific literature. Bateson and Punnet proposed that the F$ _{1}$ had actually produced more dominant and recessive gametes in sweet pea cross than would be produced by Mendelian independent assortment. Because these genotypes were the gametic types in the original pure lines, the researchers thought that physical coupling between the dominant alleles P and L and between the recessive alleles p and l might have prevented their independent assortment in the F$ _{1}$. However, they did not know what the nature of this coupling could be.

Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.
Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan's research moved to the study of mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Morgan demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics. As a result of his work, Drosophila became a major model organism in contemporary genetics.

Selman Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952 for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.

Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, in 1896 gave the theory related to the effects of the combustion-released carbon dioxide. He depicted the relation between the concentration of the carbon dioxide and the increase in temperature due to it. The greenhouse effect refers to the trapping of the infra-red rays reflected by the earth’s surface by the gases present in the troposphere. It is a natural process and is responsible for maintaining the survivable temperature in earth. However, anthropogenic release of the greenhouse gases has caused the events of global warming. Hence, the correct answer is 'Svante Arrhenius'.

The burning of fossil fuels leads to increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) was a Swedish scientist who was the first to claim in 1896 that fossil fuel combustion may eventually result in enhanced global warming. He proposed a relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature. He found that the average surface temperature of the earth is about $15^0$C because of the infrared absorption capacity of water vapour and carbon dioxide. This is called as the natural greenhouse effect. 

Egyptians used the symbol heap for the unknown in algebra.

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to produced complementary strand of RNA, called as cDNA. This process occurs in RNA viruses. It was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in RSV virions and independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from RNA tumour viruses such as R-MLV and RSV. In 1975 Nobel Prize was awarded in Physiology or Medicine to both of them along with Renato Dulbecco. 

• Spherosomes or oleosomes can be defined as small cellular organelles found in plant cells that are enclosed by a single membrane. 
• It is mainly responsible for the storage and synthesis of lipid. 
• It was discovered by Perner in the year 1953.
• They are obtained from the endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Perner'.

• The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound organelle which contains oxidative enzymes and is responsible for lipid production and oxidation reactions within the cell.
  
• They were discovered by Christian de Duve (Belgian cytologist) in the year 1967.
• So, the correct answer is 'De Duve'.

The term biocoenosis means ecological community. It was coined by Carl Mobius. It describes an association of populations of different species living together in a defined habitat with some degree of interdependence and community ecology is the description and analysis of patterns and processes within the community.

The ecosystem is a segment of biosphere consisting of a community of living beings and the abiotic or physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. The word ecosystem was first coined by Tansley in 1935 and previously the term 'biocoenosis' was used.

The term ecosystem was first coined by Roy Clapham in 1930, but it was ecologist Arthur Tansley, who fully defined the ecosystem concept.

British botanist A.G. Tansley first introduced the term ecosystem to describe a group of living organisms and its effective environment. Tansley's definition in 1935 referred to the whole system, including not only the organism complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming the environment of the biome.