Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

This is the correct option. The electric nature of lightning was established by a scientist named Benjamin Franklin.

(3) The classification of Jurisprudence has been provided by Bentham.

(1) The propounder of “Pigeon-hole theory” is Salmond.

(4) Hypothesis of Grundnorm was propounded by Kelson.

Louis Pasteur discovered fermentation - the process by which microorganisms break down sugars without oxygen (anaerobic respiration). He disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 from the Penicillium mold. This was the first true antibiotic and revolutionized medicine by treating bacterial infections.

The Gram staining technique was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884. This differential staining technique separates bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on cell wall composition. Koch developed postulates, Hook worked on cells, and Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms.

Muller used drosophila in his experiments to induce mutation by X-rays in 1927. He was the first to demonstrate that mutations could be induced by an external factor.

Entner-Doudoroff pathway was first reported by Michael Doudoroff and Nathan Entner in Pseudomonas Saccharophila.

This is the correct option. Carolus Linnaeus gave the naming system called binomial nomenclature that is being practised by biologists all over the world.

Ronald Ross

In 1884, Goldewski gave the relay pump theory. According to him, ascent of sap takes place due to rhythmic change in the osmotic pressure of living cells of xylem parenchyma and medullary ray.

Martinus Beijerinck (1888) of Holland discovered nitrogen-fixing organisms.

Frederick Banting and John Macleod (with Charles Best and James Collip) discovered insulin in 1921-22, earning the 1923 Nobel Prize. Watson and Crick discovered DNA structure, Sanger developed protein sequencing, and Beadle and Tatum worked on gene-enzyme relationships.

Microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), observed the nucleus in the red blood cells of salmon.