Indian Social Structure

Brahmanas often received land grants or brahmadeya. The brahmanas had exclusive rights on these lands. Each brahmadeya was looked after by an assembly or sabha of prominent Brahmana landholders.

Village was the lowest unit of Chola administration. In the Chola empire, Kingdom was divided into Mandalams (or provinces) and each mandalam divided into Valanadus (Commissionary) and Nadus (Districts) and villages(Kurram ).

In the context of seasonal agricultural labor in India, both field farmers and laborers often migrate to find work during off-seasons.

Regionalism in India is a complex phenomenon driven by various factors including linguistic differences, caste identity, and religious affiliations, which often create distinct regional consciousness.

A nomad ((in Latin) "people without fixed habitation") is a member of a community of people without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from the same areas, including nomadic hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), and tinker or trader nomads. A nomad is a person with no settled home, moving from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. Community does not have any economic security and earn money through rag picking, bucket repairing, fishing, hunting, selling small fancy products, etc. Nomadic peoples traditionally travel by animal or canoe or on foot. Further, this community has no permanent residence, and lack education and fixed source of income, live in temporary shelters erected outside the villages under some trees or in public places.

A nomad ((in Latin) "people without fixed habitation") is a member of a community of people without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from the same areas, including nomadic hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), and tinker or trader nomads. A nomad is a person with no settled home, moving from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. Community does not have any economic security and earn money through rag picking, bucket repairing, fishing, hunting, selling small fancy products, etc. Nomadic peoples traditionally travel by animal or canoe or on foot.

A tribe is a human social group comprising numerous families, clans, or generations together with slaves, dependents, or adopted strangers. A tribe, though classically based on a remote common ancestor and thus shared kinship, is typically a political or ethnic unit that shares a common culture, language, and religion. Kinship forms the basis of tribal social organization. Most tribes are divided into exogamous clans and lineages. The marriage among tribals is based on the rule of tribal endogamy. Marriage is viewed as a contract and there are no prohibition on divorce and remarriage.

In India there are more than half a million villages. According to Max Weber, the German scholar, "India has always been a country of villages." 77% of the Indian population lives in villages. India is predominantly an agricultural country.

Chief Minister D. Devaraj Urs appointed the first Backward Classes Commission under the Chairmanship of L.G.Havanur in 1975. The percentage of students of different castes who passed in the S.S.L.C. examination in 1975 was taken as the criterion for determining the backwardness of those castes.

Restricting the hold of the feudal class on land was the objective behind the abolition of Zamindari system. This is one of the most important land reforms. In 1955, a committee was formed under the leadership of the ex-vice president of India, B.D.Jatti. This committee made certain recommendations towards bringing about land reforms. The committee recommended that every family should be given maximum 116 acres dry land and 27 acres irrigated land. These recommendations helped the wealthy. These recommendations were implemented in 1957 but did not change the existing system in a decisive manner. But the Land Reform Law of 1974 played a decisive role in changing the existing system.

Iravati Karve is recognized as the most prominent sociologist of India. She was the Student of Dr. G.S Ghurye. She was also the founder of Anthropological department at Poone. Her contributions are Kinship and Organisation in India, Indian Society, Institutions and relationships.

M.N. Shrinivas is an Indian Sociologist and Anthropologist and is famously known for his work on the caste system, social stratification etc. He was the child of his own times and never wrote things in utopia, he exposed what he gathered from experience and integrity. He focussed on understanding Society and people not merely on the basis of textbooks and western writings but by direct observations and field experience which he categorized into his methodology as field view.

G.S. Ghurye is regarded as the Father of India Sociology. He was an Indian Professor of Sociology. He has authored several books and papers also Founded the Indian Sociological Society and it's newsletter Sociological Bulletin. He studied tribes and castes of India extensively using Historical and Indological data.