Indian Social Structure

Which of the following according to the author has led to class chauvinism in India?

Passage:
India has been under the ‘white man’s regime’ for almost two centuries. Indians claim themselves to be victims of suppression. But frankly, have we not been double faced? If we condemn all racism, why are caste discriminations still a rule rather than being an exception? If we could not accept our oppression by the whites, how could we allow internal iscrimination based on caste and, why, even color? Many students from Tanzania, Uganda etc feel the pinch of racism in Indian educational institutions. ‘Black’ is often the word used by their peers to denote their identity. India’s diversity has often led to class chauvinism. Many have suffered its effects indignantly. There have been innumerable experiences of people, which when narrated can be deemed a national shame.
This caste and color consciousness has been apparent in some supposedly innocuous forms also. Look at all the matrimonial advertisements demanding fair skinned (as if a superior quality) brides. And why are the same matrimonial advertisements divided into castes and other such classes? If we are so obsessed by fair skin why do we rave at racism? Some might believe racism is probably a more sinister evil. It invokes arrogance of a community, both social and economic, and its domination of minority groups. With the advent of globalization though, there has been intermingling of cultures and races, breaking the rigid walls of race supremacy. People have tried to overcome all discrimination to respond to ‘oneness’ of the world. But this is a tedious and slow process. In any case, what is the difference? Discrimination, whether it is based on caste or on race or color, needs to be condemned in the strongest possible terms.
We raised a hue and cry against a TV show in the west, on the issue of racial remarks against Shilpa Shetty. This kind of Indian attitude is surprising - practicing racism internally and condemning it externally. Why do we not raise the same question for ourselves as we raised to support Shilpa Shetty? Why can’t this sympathetic attitude be shown for the castes condemned to the peripherals of our culture? If public, media, and government work responsibly, no West Indian would have to be self - conscious living in a north Indian city.

What has caused class prejudice in India?

Passage:
India has been under the ‘white man’s regime’ for almost two centuries. Indians claim themselves to be victims of suppression. But frankly, have we not been double faced? If we condemn all racism, why are caste discriminations still a rule rather than being an exception? If we could not accept our oppression by the whites, how could we allow internal iscrimination based on caste and, why, even color? Many students from Tanzania, Uganda etc feel the pinch of racism in Indian educational institutions. ‘Black’ is often the word used by their peers to denote their identity. India’s diversity has often led to class chauvinism. Many have suffered its effects indignantly. There have been innumerable experiences of people, which when narrated can be deemed a national shame.
This caste and color consciousness has been apparent in some supposedly innocuous forms also. Look at all the matrimonial advertisements demanding fair skinned (as if a superior quality) brides. And why are the same matrimonial advertisements divided into castes and other such classes? If we are so obsessed by fair skin why do we rave at racism? Some might believe racism is probably a more sinister evil. It invokes arrogance of a community, both social and economic, and its domination of minority groups. With the advent of globalization though, there has been intermingling of cultures and races, breaking the rigid walls of race supremacy. People have tried to overcome all discrimination to respond to ‘oneness’ of the world. But this is a tedious and slow process. In any case, what is the difference? Discrimination, whether it is based on caste or on race or color, needs to be condemned in the strongest possible terms.
We raised a hue and cry against a TV show in the west, on the issue of racial remarks against Shilpa Shetty. This kind of Indian attitude is surprising - practicing racism internally and condemning it externally. Why do we not raise the same question for ourselves as we raised to support Shilpa Shetty? Why can’t this sympathetic attitude be shown for the castes condemned to the peripherals of our culture? If public, media, and government work responsibly, no West Indian would have to be self - conscious living in a north Indian city.

Consider the following statements in respect of the jajmani system in India:

1. Bulk of the rural manufacturing in Maharashtra in medieval period was provided by artisan castes bound to agricultural castes by ties of client-patron relationship.
2. In Maharashtra and Gujarat, the jajmani system did not include only those kinds of work of the community artisans which were directly complimentary to agricultural production. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?