Indian Scientists and Scholars

Raj Krishna, an Indian economist, coined the term 'Hindu rate of growth' in the 1970s to describe India's low economic growth rate of around 3.5% per year. The term was somewhat controversial as it implied cultural or religious reasons for slow growth rather than policy factors.

CV Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman) was the first scientist to receive the Bharat Ratna in 1954, primarily for his discovery of the Raman Effect. He was also the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in Science in 1930.

Correct option is (5).

U.N. Brahmachari identified Leishmania donovani as the causative agent of Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in the early 20th century and developed urea stibamine, an effective treatment. This tropical disease, transmitted by sandflies, was devastating in India. His diagnostic methods and therapeutic advances saved countless lives. Brahmachari's work established the medical understanding of this parasitic disease and provided treatment where none existed before.

C.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman) won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for the Raman Effect - scattering of light. V.S. Naipaul won in Literature, Mother Teresa in Peace. Raman was indeed the first Indian Nobel laureate in Physics.

Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian citizen to travel to space in 1984 aboard the Soviet Soyuz T-11 mission. Ramanujan was a mathematician, Tenzing Norgay was a mountaineer (first to climb Everest), and Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha was a nuclear physicist.

Sabeer Bhatia co-founded Hotmail in 1996, which became the first web-based email service offering free email accounts accessible from anywhere via browser. Microsoft acquired Hotmail for $400 million in 1997. Shakuntala Devi was a mathematician, Narayana Murthy co-founded Infosys, and Azim Premji is Wipro's chairman.

M.S. Swaminathan is known as the Father of Green Revolution in India for his pioneering work in developing high-yielding wheat and rice varieties that transformed Indian agriculture. Norman Borlaug was the global figure while V.R. Rao and J.C. Bose were scientists in other fields.

Rakesh Sharma is India's 1st and World's 138th Cosmonaut to go to space on 3 April,1984

National Science Day in India is celebrated on February 28 to commemorate C.V. Raman's discovery of the Raman Effect in 1928, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

Dr. K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in Nagpur in 1925 as a cultural organization focused on character building and national service.

Raj Krishna, an Indian economist, coined the term 'Hindu rate of growth' in 1978 to describe India's slow economic growth rate of around 3.5% per year from the 1950s to 1980s. The term was controversial as it suggested cultural rather than economic or policy reasons for the slow growth. A.K. Sen is famous for welfare economics, Kirit Parikh for planning, and Montek Singh Ahluwalia for planning reforms.

James Prinsep, a British scholar and antiquarian, deciphered the Brahmi script in 1837 by studying the inscriptions at Sarnath and comparing them with later Indo-Greek coin legends. His breakthrough allowed historians to read Ashoka's edicts and understand ancient Indian history. William Jones founded the Asiatic Society, R. Samasastri was an epigraphist, and Mortimer Wheeler was an archaeologist.

Anand Mohan Chakraborty developed genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida strains (superbugs) capable of degrading multiple hydrocarbons at once. These were created for bioremediation of oil spills. H.G. Khorana worked on genetic code.