Indian Polity and Governance

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land; all other laws, government actions, and authorities derive their power from it and must conform to it.

Civil servants in India serve at the pleasure of the President, and formal dismissal orders are issued in the name of the President of India, following due process.

The Union Cabinet Secretary is the senior-most civil servant in the Government of India and acts as the principal advisor to the Prime Minister, holding the highest position in the civil service hierarchy.

The Governor is the constitutional head of a state in India, and all executive actions of the state government are formally taken in their name.

The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court and the entire judicial system in India, responsible for the administration of the judiciary.

The President is the formal head of state and is constitutionally mandated to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of India. While the Prime Minister leads the government, the President holds the symbolic role of the defender of the Constitution.

According to Article 108 of the Indian Constitution, joint sittings of both houses of Parliament are presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. If the Speaker is absent, the Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha may preside.

The Vice-President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. This role is defined in the Constitution.

The President of India takes an oath of office administered by the Chief Justice of India, or in their absence, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court.

According to Article 53 of the Constitution, the executive power of the Union is vested in the President and shall be exercised by them either directly or through officers subordinate to them.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV of the Constitution aim to establish a welfare state and achieve national goals like social, economic, and political justice. They are non-justiciable guidelines for the government to establish social order and promote Gandhian principles.

Article 39(d) of the Constitution, which is an economic principle under DPSP, directs the state to secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

The Attorney General of India is appointed by the President of India under Article 76.

The President of India has the power to summon a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament under Article 108.

According to the Indian Constitution, the Governor of a state is administered the oath of office by the Chief Justice of the High Court of that state.