Indian Polity and Governance

Option 4 is correct.

By convention, the Chairman of the Estimates Committee is appointed from the ruling party in the Lok Sabha. This practice ensures that the committee, which scrutinizes government expenditure and suggests economies, works in coordination with the government's financial priorities while maintaining parliamentary oversight.

In the Indian Constitution, the Concurrent List contains subjects on which both the Central Government and State Governments can legislate. This dual legislative framework allows for uniform laws across the country while permitting states to make amendments based on local needs. Option A refers only to the Centre, and Option C only to states, which is incorrect for this list.

Correct answer is (3). 

One of the powers of the Supreme Court and the High Courts is that of judicial review.

The Parliament of India controls government expenditure through the budgetary process. The government cannot spend any money without Parliament's approval, as per Article 112 of the Constitution. While the Finance Minister presents the budget, it is Parliament that must pass it, thereby exercising ultimate control over expenditure. The Lok Sabha has specific supremacy in financial matters, but Parliament as a whole controls expenditure.

Correct Answer: Speaker of Lok Sabha

Option 3 is the correct answer.

Article 53 of the Constitution states that executive power of the Union is vested in the President, who is the head of the State. The Prime Minister is the head of government.

Article 75(1) states that the President appoints the Prime Minister, and other Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President acts on aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.

The President appoints the Prime Minister, other Union Ministers, the Chief Justice of India, and the Chief Election Commissioner (on Election Commission advice). The Chief Minister of a State is appointed by the respective State's Governor, not the President.

The Union Cabinet consists of Cabinet Ministers only. Ministers of State (with or without independent charge) are not members of the Cabinet and do not attend Cabinet meetings unless specially invited. The President does not attend Cabinet meetings.

Article 67 states that the Vice President is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) by proportional representation. Unlike the President, elected members of state legislatures do NOT participate in the Vice Presidential election.

The Prime Minister holds office only during the pleasure of the President (Article 75). However, by convention, the PM must enjoy majority support in Lok Sabha. Rejection of budget proposals by Lok Sabha is treated as a loss of confidence, requiring resignation.

Under Article 217 of the Constitution, the President appoints judges to High Courts. The appointment is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court, and the Governor of the state. The Governor does NOT have independent appointment power - they only participate in the consultation process.