Indian Law and Jurisprudence

Option (1) is incorrect: Section 11 of Specific Relief Act, 1963 deals with cases in which specific performance of contracts is connected with trust enforceable. Option (2) is incorrect: Section 4 of Specific Relief Act, 1963 deals with specific relief to be granted only for enforcing individual civil rights and not for enforcing penal laws. Option (3) is correct: Section 5 of Specific Relief Act, 1963 deals with recovery of specific immovable property. Option (4) is incorrect: Section 9 of Specific Relief Act, 1963 deals with defence respecting suits for relief based on contract.

Option (1) is incorrect: Section 12 of Specific Relief Act provides for specific performance of part of contract. Option (2) is incorrect: Section 9 of Specific Relief Act provides for defence respecting suits for relief based on contract. Option (3) is correct: Section 11 of Specific Relief Act deals with cases in which specific performance of contracts is connected with trust enforceable. Option (4) is incorrect: Section 10 of Specific Relief Act deals with cases in which specific performance of contract is enforceable.

Option (1) is incorrect: It is not a right in rem. Option (2) is correct: Obligation under Specific Relief Act is a right in person, i.e. it is an obligation to the parties of suit. Option (3) is incorrect: Only (2) Option (4) is incorrect: Only (2)

Option (1) is incorrect: Section 38 of the Act deals with perpetual injunctions when granted. Option (2) is incorrect: Section 39 of the Act deals with mandatory injunctions. Option (3) is correct: Section 40 of the Act states provision for damages in lieu of, or in addition to injunction. Option (4) is incorrect: Section 37 of the Specific Relief Act talks about temporary and perpetual injunctions.

Option (1) is correct: U/s 34 of the Act, the words are used “the court may in its discretion make therein a declaration”, so the court can decline a declaratory decree. Option (2) is incorrect: Court can decline a declaratory decree. Option (3) is incorrect: Court cannot commute a declaratory decree. Option (4) is incorrect: Declaratory decree cannot be withheld u/s 34.

John Vallamattom vs. Union of India (2003) is a landmark case challenging the constitutional validity of Section 14 of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, which provided tax exemption only to Hindu Undivided Families. The Supreme Court struck down the provision as unconstitutional, recommending a Uniform Civil Code for all religious communities.

The Supreme Court struck down the IMDT Act in 2005 in the Sarbananda Sonowal case, holding it unconstitutional and violative of Article 14. The Act was specific to Assam to detect illegal migrants in the state.

FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) was legislation governing foreign exchange transactions in India. A key provision allowed authorities to take individuals into custody for keeping undeclared foreign exchange, as FERA aimed to prevent black money and regulate foreign currency holdings.

Writ jurisdiction of Article 32 and 226 is suspended during emergency under Articles 359 and 358. MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act) and NSA (National Security Act) explicitly exclude writ jurisdiction. ESMA also has similar restrictions during certain conditions. Thus, writ jurisdiction is not available against MISA and NSA.

In the Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court struck down the 42nd Amendment's provision that gave all Directive Principles precedence over Fundamental Rights (Articles 14 and 19). The court ruled that the Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

Every PIO will be liable for fine of Rs.250 per day, up to a maximum of Rs.25,000 for not accepting an application/ delaying information/ knowingly giving incomplete, incorrect, misleading information/ destroying information that has been requested/ obstructing furnishing of information in any manner.

Yes. Right to information means right to access to information or material relating to the affairs of body owned, controlled or substantially financed by Government, non-Government organisation substantially financed, Record includes� (a) any document, manuscript and file; (b) any microfilm, microfiche and facsimile copy of a document; (c) any reproduction of image or images embodied in such microfilm (whether enlarged or not); and (d) any other material produced by a computer or any other device.