Indian Independence Movement

The Nanavathi Commission (officially the 'Justice G.T. Nanavati Commission') was constituted in 2000 to investigate the 1984 anti-Sikh riots that followed Indira Gandhi's assassination. It was the third inquiry into the riots after the earlier Mishra and Kapur-Mittal commissions. The commission submitted its report in 2005.

R.E. Grant Govan, a British businessman, became the first president of BCCI when it was founded in 1928. He served from 1928-1929 during the board's formative years.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar made this statement emphasizing Nehru's foundational role in Indian politics and the Congress party. As the architect of the Constitution and a keen political observer, Ambedkar recognized that understanding Congress was essential to understanding Indian politics. The quote highlights the interconnectedness of Indian political history.

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, renowned agricultural scientist and father of India's Green Revolution, became the first Indian President of the Pugwash Conference in 2005. The Pugwash Conference, which won the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize, focuses on science and world affairs, particularly disarmament. The other options are notable Indian scientists but not associated with this specific leadership role.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is widely recognized as the Father of the Indian Constitution because he served as the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee. He was a jurist, economist, and social reformer who championed the rights of marginalized communities. His contributions to constitutional democracy were fundamental and transformative.

Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das founded the Swaraj Party in 1923 after the Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended. The party aimed to enter legislative councils and disrupt them from within, advocating for complete independence from British rule.

Sir Chintaman D. Deshmukh was the first Indian to serve as RBI Governor from 1943-1949. The earlier governors were British. Sir Benegal Rama Rau served as the third Indian governor later. K.G. Ambegaonkar and Dr. C. Rangarajan were also later governors.

A.O. Hume, a British civil servant, founded the Indian National Congress in 1885. Motilal Nehru, Annie Besant, and Lala Lajpat Rai were important Congress leaders but not founders - Hume organized the first session.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India, serving from January 26, 1950 to May 13, 1962. He was a key figure in the Indian independence movement and was unanimously elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly, playing a crucial role in framing the Indian Constitution.

Badruddin Tyabji became the first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress in 1887. He was a prominent lawyer and freedom fighter who advocated for constitutional methods in the independence movement. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded Aligarh University, Jinnah founded the Muslim League, and Maulana Azad was a later Congress leader.

J.B. Kriplani was the President of the Indian National Congress at the time of India's independence in August 1947. He served from 1946-1947 and led the party during the crucial transfer of power period. Nehru became the first Prime Minister, Patel was Home Minister, and Rajendra Prasad became President of India later.

Motilal Nehru presided over the 1919 Amritsar session of Congress, the same year as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in April. The tragedy, in which British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indians, profoundly influenced Indian nationalism.

Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan served as the first Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962. He was a renowned philosopher and statesman, and later became the second President of India. C. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India, while Zakir Hussain was the third President.

The 1969 presidential election saw V.V. Giri (then Acting President after Zakir Husain's death) run as an independent candidate with Indira Gandhi's support. Gandhi asked Congress to 'vote according to conscience,' splitting the party. Giri defeated the official Congress candidate Neelam Sanjiv Reddy.