Indian Honours and Awards

Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize twice - in Physics (1903) for her work on radiation phenomena and in Chemistry (1911) for discovering radium and polonium. Linus Pauling also won twice - the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954) for his work on chemical bonding and the Nobel Peace Prize (1962) for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing. They are among the very few individuals who have achieved this distinction.

Ashoka Chakra is India's highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valor, courage, or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is equivalent to the wartime Param Vir Chakra.

The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1996 was indeed awarded to Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. This award recognizes individuals for their outstanding contribution to international understanding and cooperation.

Sitara Devi, the renowned Kathak exponent, was conferred the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna) in 2008. She was celebrated as the 'Empress of Kathak' for her revolutionary contributions to classical dance. The other names listed are incorrect recipients for this honor in 2008.

The Kalinga Prize is awarded by UNESCO for outstanding contribution to the popularization of science. It was established in 1951 and is named after the ancient region of Kalinga in India. Pulitzer Prize is for journalism/arts, Booker Prize for fiction, and Birla Award for Indian scientists.

The Gandhi Peace Prize for 1996 was awarded to Professor Adolfo De Obieta, an Argentine physician and human rights activist who worked for the poor and marginalized. Julius Nyerere (Tanzania's first President) received it in 1997, A.T. Ariyaratne (Sri Lankan activist) in 1995, and Mother Teresa received it earlier in 1995 as well (though her year was also 1995, making this question context-specific).

Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics. His work on poverty, famine, inequality, and social choice theory fundamentally shaped our understanding of how to improve human welfare. While he worked on food and famines, his broader contribution was in welfare economics.

Rs. 5 lakh cash prize is given to the winner of Jnanpith Award.

Mohamed ElBaradei, then Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), received the 2008 Indira Gandhi Prize for his work in nuclear non-proliferation and promoting peaceful use of atomic energy. He shared this recognition with his IAEA colleagues. The Amte couple are noted social workers in Maharashtra, while Bhimsen Joshi was a classical vocalist.

The Kalinga Award (officially the Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science) was established by UNESCO in 1952 and is awarded annually to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the popularization of science - making scientific concepts accessible to the general public. It is specifically for science communication and popularization, not scientific research itself, which is why 'science and technology' is the appropriate category.

The BD Goenka Award specifically honours excellence in Journalism. It was instituted by the BD Goenka Foundation to recognize outstanding contributions in the field of journalism and media.

G. Sankara Kurup was indeed the first recipient of the Jnanpith Award in 1965 for his Malayalam work 'Odakkuzhal'. The Jnanpith Award is India's highest literary honour.

Param Vir Chakra is India's highest wartime decoration for valour, awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy.

The Kalinga Prize is indeed instituted by UNESCO in 1952 to reward exceptional contributions to the popularization of science. The other options are not UNESCO awards - Aryabhatta Award is Indian, and Abdus Salam Prize is for physics.