Human Reproductive System

The acrosome of the sperm contains enzymes that digest the outer layers of the egg, allowing it to penetrate the membrane. The option 'Tears a hole' is a simplified way of describing this enzymatic penetration.

GIFT referred as a gamete intra Fallopian transfer. In this, the egg from the donor and the sperm from the father (or the donor male) is taken and are transferred to the oviduct or the Fallopian tube of the recipient. 

In vitro fertilization is a method in which fertilization of male gamete (spermatozoon) and female gamete (ovum) outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body followed by zygote or embryo transfer(ET). The zygote or early embryo(upto 8 blastomeres stage) then transferred to fallopian tube called zygote intra fallopian transfer or ZIFT. So, the correct answer is 'Zygote into fallopian tube'.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) or embryo rescue techniques are widely used in plant breeding to overcome sexual incompatibility barriers that prevent fertilization in vivo.

ZIFT ( Zygote Intrafallopian transfer) is a technique in which oocyte and sperms are taken and fertilization takes place outside the female's body i.e. in vitro. Early embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred to the fallopian tube.

Common methods of ART include:

1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) - Fertilization outside of the body. IVF is the most effective ART. It is often used when a woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked or when a man produces too few sperm. Doctors treat the woman with a drug that causes the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Once mature, the eggs are removed from the woman. They are put in a dish in the lab along with the man’s sperm for fertilization. After 3 to 5 days, healthy embryos are implanted in the woman’s uterus.

2. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer is similar to IVF- Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

3. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman’s fallopian tube. So fertilization occurs in the woman’s body. Few practices offer GIFT as an option.

4. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is often used for couples in which there are serious problems with the sperm. Sometimes it is also used for older couples or for those with failed IVF attempts. In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg. Then the embryo is transferred to the uterus or fallopian tube.

 ART procedures sometimes involve the use of donor eggs (eggs from another woman), donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. Donor eggs are sometimes used for women who can not produce eggs. Also, donor eggs or donor sperm is sometimes used when the woman or man has a genetic disease that can be passed on to the baby.

 So, the correct answer is “Both A and B”.

IVF or In Vitro fertilisation is an artificial method of fertilisation, for the parents who can't conceive naturally. In this process egg or ovum from the mother (or a donor female) and sperms from father is taken and are fertilised outside the mother's body, in the laboratory conditions. This is done in a large number, so as to ensure the fertilisation. Then this fertilised zygote(s) are implanted in the mother's (or a surrogate mother's) uterus.  

IVF is a technique of fertilisation done outside the mother's body . These fertilised zygotes (2 or 4) at 4-8 celled stage are placed in the fallopian tube of the mother by process of Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT). Excess fertilised eggs are cryopreserved for use in case of implantation failure 

A sperm's function is to swim upwards the vaginal canal and deposit genetic material (DNA) within the egg. The midbody contains the vast stores of mitochondria needed for such an exhausting process, the tail allows for swimming, the head contains the genetic material and the acrosome, which uses enzymes to break through the egg's zona pellucida.

There are two pairs of testes, which are situated in the 10$^{th}$ and 11$^{th}$ segments on each side of the alimentary canal. The germinal epithelium of the testis gives rise to the sperm cells by spermatogenesis. So, the correct answer is option B.

The chromosome in the human female is XX while that in the male is XY.
If a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilizes an ovum or egg, which carries X chromosome, then the child born will be a girl (female). This is because the child will have XX combination of sex chromosomes.
If a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilizes an ovum, which carries X chromosome, then the child will have XY combination of sex chromosome and hence it will be a male child.
Thus, the correct answer is the option (D), 'Both B and C.'.