Historical Events and Dates

The Planning Commission was established by a Cabinet resolution on March 28, 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as its first Chairman. It formulated India's Five-Year Plans until it was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015.

The first proclamation of Emergency under Article 352 was made in October 1962 during the China war. The question incorrectly references Article 362 (which deals with special provisions for certain tribes), but the answer 1962 is historically accurate for the first Emergency proclamation.

The first Emergency on grounds of internal disturbance was proclaimed in June 1975 by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. This followed the Allahabad High Court judgment setting aside Indira Gandhi's election, and is often referred to as the darkest period in Indian democracy.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlett Act protests. It was the first nationwide mass movement under Gandhi's leadership, calling for boycott of British institutions, schools, courts, and goods, marking a significant escalation in the independence struggle.

The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established on August 3, 1954, under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India. It was created to oversee atomic energy programs in India. Homi J. Bhabha was its first Secretary. Option A has the wrong year (1955) and date (August 2).

Malawi gained independence from British rule on July 6, 1964. This was when the country, formerly known as Nyasaland, became a fully independent nation within the Commonwealth. The date is commemorated annually as Independence Day in Malawi.

Macedonia (now North Macedonia) declared independence from Yugoslavia on September 8, 1991, following a successful referendum. This was part of the broader breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. The date is celebrated as Independence Day in North Macedonia.

Luxembourg gained full independence from the Netherlands in 1839 following the Treaty of London, which established Luxembourg as a sovereign state. This treaty resolved territorial disputes and confirmed Luxembourg's status as an independent grand duchy.

Madagascar gained independence from France on June 26, 1960, after being a French colony for over 60 years. This was part of the wave of decolonization in Africa during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The date is celebrated as Madagascar's National Day.

Liechtenstein became an independent principality in 1719 when Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI elevated the territory to the status of a sovereign principality. This marked its formal recognition as an independent state within the Holy Roman Empire.

Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to declare independence on March 11, 1990, issuing the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. This bold move helped trigger the collapse of the Soviet Union. The date is celebrated as Restoration of Independence Day.

Lesotho gained independence from Britain on October 4, 1966, becoming a sovereign kingdom within the Commonwealth. Previously known as Basutoland, the nation celebrates this date annually as Independence Day, marking its transition to full self-governance.

Latvia declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 21, 1991, during the collapse of the USSR. This restored the independence that Latvia had briefly enjoyed between the World Wars (1918-1940) before Soviet occupation. The date is celebrated as Independence Day.

Libya gained independence on December 24, 1951, transitioning from UN administration (after World War II and Italian colonial rule) to the sovereign United Kingdom of Libya under King Idris I. This date is celebrated annually as Libyan Independence Day.

Laos gained independence from France on July 19, 1949, as part of the gradual decolonization of French Indochina. Full sovereignty was established later (1953), but 1949 marks the initial step toward independence from French colonial rule.