Historical Dates and Firsts

Tourism begins with British mountaineers climbing the main peaks of the Bernese Alps in the early 19th century (Jungfrau 1811, Finsteraarhorn 1812). The Alpine Club in London is founded in 1857. Reconvalescence in the Alpine climate, in particular from Tuberculosis, is another important branch of tourism in the 19th and early 20th centuries for example in Davos, Graubünden. Because of the prominence of the Bernese Alps in British mountaineering, the Bernese Oberland was long especially known as a tourist destination. Meiringen's Reichenbach Falls achieved literary fame as the site of the fictional death of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes (1893). The first organised tourist holidays to Switzerland were offered during the 19th century by the Thomas Cook and Lunn Travel companies

The unification of Germany happened in January 1871. After the Franco Prussian War, the German nationalism rose among the citizens.

Indian government issued the 'Jal Copper' stamp in 1977. Jal Copper was an internationally acclaimed philatelist, i.e. an expert on the subject of 'postage stamps'. 

Map 2 was made in the 1720s by a French cartographer. Map 1 and 2 are quite different though the area is same. In these maps south India is where we would expect to find north India and Sri lanka is the Island at the top. Map 2 was made almost 600 years after Map 1.

Mt Vesuvius is a volcano located in Italy which had last recorded eruption in 1944, hence A is the correct answer. It has a long history of a number of eruptions in recorded history thus it is considered as an active volcano.

In the year $1932$ James Chadwick discovered neutrons. He bombarded lighter elements like boron and beryllium by alpha particles.

Three days after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 – a 21-kiloton plutonium device known as Fat Man. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, and 400 prisoners of war. Prior to August 9, Nagasaki had been the target of small scale bombing by the United States.

The very first section of the Underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. On that day 10,000 passengers were carried, with trains running every ten minutes.

The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. The very first section of the Underground rail in the world opened on 10 January 1869 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. Initially, 10,000 passengers used this railway system. In 1880 the expanded train service carried 40 million passengers a year.

As London grew, crime flourished. Almost 20000 criminals were living in London in the 1870s. The police were worried about law and order, Philanthropists were anxious about public morality.

In 1887, Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low-skilled London workers in the East End of London. He found that as many as 1 million Londoners were very poor and were expected to live only up to an average age of 29.

During the First World War London began manufacturing motor cars and electric goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all jobs in the city.

The Canadian petroleum industry developed in parallel with that of the United States. The first oil well in Canada was dug by hand (rather than drilled) in 1858 by James Miller Williams near his asphalt plant at Oil Springs,Ontario.

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism. He was born on 18th July 1918.