Gravitation and Center of Mass

Earth is an oblate spheroid, meaning its poles are closer to the center than the equator. Since gravitational force depends on distance from Earth's center (F = GMm/r^2), the force is strongest where the distance is smallest - at the poles. At the equator, you're about 21 km farther from Earth's center.

The gravitational acceleration (g) on the Moon is about one-sixth of Earth's g because the Moon has much less mass than Earth. Gravitational force depends on the mass of the celestial body, so the Moon's weaker gravitational pull results in lower g value.

Mass is an intrinsic property that doesn't change with location. Weight depends on gravitational force, which is much weaker on the Moon (about 1/6th of Earth's gravity). So weight decreases significantly while mass remains constant.

Yes, this is the correct answer as all the above statements are true. None of them is false regarding the gravitational force.

Yes, it is the correct answer. The value of gravitational constant is same for any pair of masses in the universe but the value of G does not depend on the nature or properties of the medium in which the masses are placed. So, that is why the value of G is constant everywhere in universe.

Yes, it is the correct answer. Weight of an object on the moon = 1 / 6 of the weight of the object on earth.

Yes, mass of an object remains constant everywhere, i.e. mass will remain same whether that object is at the moon, at the earth or anywhere in the universe.

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This is a fundamental law of physics.

The gravitational pull on the Moon is about 1/6th of Earth's gravity. With weaker gravitational force, a person can jump much higher and further on the lunar surface. This is why astronauts appeared to bounce on the Moon.

Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air molecules in the atmosphere. This weight exists because of Earth's gravitational pull, which attracts gas molecules toward the planet's surface, creating pressure that decreases with altitude.

The Moon's mass is approximately 1/6th that of Earth, which is why astronauts weigh much less on the lunar surface. This ratio also explains why the Moon's gravity is about 16.6% of Earth's. The other fractions (1/4, 1/5, 1/8) are incorrect.

Earth's mass is approximately 81 times that of the Moon. This mass ratio is responsible for the Moon orbiting Earth rather than the other way around, as the more massive object exerts the stronger gravitational pull.

This is the correct answer.

Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid, bulging at the equator. The gravitational force (which determines weight) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from Earth's center. Since the poles are closer to the center than the equator, weight is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator for the same mass.