Geomorphic Processes

The terminus is the end or margin of a glacier, where ice melting approximately equals ice accumulation. Moraines are debris ridges, erratics are isolated boulders, and deltas are river deposits.

Rock dams are physical barriers built in gullies to slow water flow and trap sediment, preventing further erosion. They are specifically designed to stop gully expansion and reduce soil loss in eroded areas.

Weathering is the natural process of rock breakdown and decay through exposure to atmospheric conditions. It involves physical, chemical, and biological forces that gradually decompose exposed rock surfaces over time.

Streams shape the land through the physical force of moving water, which creates friction and erodes the landscape as it flows downhill.

The water cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection (or transportation/runoff). Option B is the most comprehensive list provided.

Silt is a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks deposited by rivers, which makes the land fertile and suitable for agriculture.

Carbonation is chemical weathering, corrasion is mechanical wear by tools, attrition is the wear of particles against each other, and hydraulic action is the physical force of water.

A rift valley is formed by the subsidence of a block of the Earth's crust between two parallel faults.

Soil salinization occurs when irrigation water evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts that accumulate in the soil. This is common in arid regions.

Desertification is defined as the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, resulting in a loss of biological productivity.

In dry climates, wind erosion is the most significant factor because there is often little vegetation to anchor the soil, allowing wind to carry particles over long distances.

While wind and other factors contribute, flowing water is the primary agent of soil erosion globally, as it physically detaches and transports soil particles.

Gully erosion is a severe form of soil erosion where concentrated water flow creates deep, wide channels or ditches in the landscape. Rill erosion is smaller in scale, while sheet erosion involves the removal of thin layers of soil.

Rill erosion is characterized by the formation of many small, shallow channels that can often be smoothed over by normal tillage. Gully erosion is the more advanced stage where these channels become too large to be removed by tillage.

Water erosion occurs when flowing water wears away soil and rock, creating features like crevices, channels, and gullies. The example describes water repeatedly hitting a mountainside and creating crevices (correct spelling is crevices, not cervices), which is a clear instance of water erosion.