Fundamental and Human Rights

Option B is incorrect because Freedom of Conscience (Article 25) does not specifically include the right to wear Kirpans - that protection comes from Article 25(1) which guarantees the right to practice religion, and the Sikh Kirpan case law. The other options correctly match freedoms with their constitutional interpretations.

Under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to issue writs (habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, certiorari) for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. The High Courts have similar power under Article 226, but the question specifically asks about enforcing Fundamental Rights, which is the Supreme Court's exclusive jurisdiction under Article 32.

Rudolf von Ihering, the German jurist, propounded the interest theory of legal rights, which views rights as legally protected interests. This contrasts with the will theory (rights as protected wills).

The Supreme Court, after the judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati case, has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other, each supplementing the other's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution.

Legal Right is a right bestowed onto a person by a given legal system. Legal rights are rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or by virtue of decisions of suitably authoritative bodies within them. Violation of legal right is punishable.

Protection of environment and safeguarding forests and wildlife is both one of the Directive Principles of State Policy and one of the Fundamental Duties given under the Indian Constitution.

The rights under Part III of the Indian Constitution are called fundamental because of two reasons:

Some of the FRs are available to citizen alone like those mentioned under Article 19 which deals with six fundamental freedoms, like freedom of speech and expression. See the opening words of Article 19, "(1) All citizens shall have the right"

However, some FRs mentioned under Part III of the Constitution, like Article 14 i.e. right to equality "The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India" and Article 21 i.e. "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law", are available to everyone including non citizens as the words used is "person" which includes non-citizen also.

Fundamental Rights given under Indian Constitution cover all citizens of India.

Correct Answer: political rights Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.

Correct Answer: Human Rights Protection Act, 1993

The Indian Constitution does not recognize property right as a fundamental right. In the year 1977, the 44th amendment eliminated the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property as a fundamental right. However, in another part of the Constitution, Article 300 (A) was inserted to affirm that no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law. The result is that the right to property as a fundamental right is now substituted as a statutory right. 

Option 3 is correct. During a national emergency, many Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. By contrast, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution.