Fundamental and Human Rights

The Supreme Court is regarded as the guardian of the fundamental rights of the people. It is the supreme or final interpreter of the constitution. The interpretation of the constitution given by the Supreme Court is to be respected.

The right of private defence is not available when both the persons have an intention to inflict harm to each other.

Fundamental Rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, colour or gender. They are enforceable by all the courts, subject to certain restrictions.

Fundamental Rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals.  For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar. These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals.

Article 15 - Social equality and equal access to public areas Article 16 - Equality in matters of public employment

The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred on overseas citizens of India.

The Indian constitution does not recognize property rights as a Fundamental Rights. In the year 1977, the 44^th amendment eliminated the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property as a Fundamental Right. However, in another part of the constitution, Article 300 (A) was inserted to affirm that no person shall be deprived of his property saved by authority of law. 

Fundamental Rights of a country are applicable only within its territory. Article 19 provides freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.

Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty, except by law. This means that a person's life and personal liberty can only be disputed if that person has committed a crime. However, the right to life does not include the right to die and hence, suicide or an attempt thereof is an offence.

The Constitution provides special measures, in Articles 29 and 30, to protect the rights of religious and linguistic minorities as they have their different languages, religions and cultures.

The Right to Property ceased to be a Fundamental Right after the 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978) and became a legal right under Article 300A. While Right to Privacy, Right to Speedy Trial (under Article 21), and Right to Clean Environment have been recognized by the Supreme Court as part of Fundamental Rights (especially Article 21), the Right to Property is explicitly NOT a fundamental right in the Constitutional text.

Rights and duties are complementary to each other - they are two sides of the same coin. Every right carries with it a corresponding duty, and rights cannot exist in isolation from duties. This is a fundamental principle of legal and social systems.

In Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab (1996), the Supreme Court overruled P. Rathinam v. Union of India and held that the Right to Life under Article 21 does not include the Right to Die. The court distinguished between suicide (criminalized) and passive euthanasia (later permitted in 2011 Aruna Shanbaug case).

The 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002) introduced Article 21A, making education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 years. It provides for free and compulsory education, meaning the state must ensure no child is denied education due to financial barriers. Option B correctly captures this core provision.