Fundamental and Human Rights

While the right to live, freedom of religion, and equal protection are Fundamental Rights, the right to contest an election is a statutory or legal right. It is not listed under Part III of the Constitution and can be regulated by law.

Information means any material in any form including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force but does not include “file nothings” [S.2(f)].

Any authority or body or institution of self- government established or constituted. a) By or under the Constitution; (b) By any other law made by Parliament; (c) By any other law made by State Legislature; (d) By notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes any� (i) Body owned, controlled or substantially financed; (ii) Non-Government organisation substantially financed.

While the Constitution of India guarantees the right to form associations or unions, the 'Right to strike' is not a Fundamental Right. It is a legal or statutory right governed by industrial laws.

Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution are based on the Bill of Rights of USA. 

Fundamental rights are included in the Indian Constitution for the liberty, freedom or welfare of people. 

Fundamental rights are negative, restrictive and limited in nature.

Article 15 of the Constitution states that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth. 

Article 19 (2) states that on the freedom of speech and expression, a reasonable restriction can be imposed on the grounds of security of the State.

Right to freedom of speech and expression includes right to know, right to reply and right to silence.

Article 16 of the Constitution states that there shall be equality for all citizens in matter of employment or appointment to any office under the State.

The abolition of untouchability is provided under Article 17 of the Indian Constitution. This article is part of the Right to Equality, which spans from Article 14 to Article 18. This right ensures that no individual is discriminated against or subjected to social disabilities based on their birth or caste.

Altering the name of a state is the power of the Parliament under Article 3, not the State Legislature. While the President refers the bill to the state legislature for its views, the Parliament has the final authority to pass the law. The other pairs correctly match the constitutional provisions regarding equality and state creation.

The Golaknath vs State of Punjab case (1967) is a landmark judgment where the Supreme Court ruled that Fundamental Rights cannot be curtailed by Parliament. Other cases like State of West Bengal vs Union of India primarily dealt with federalism and the distribution of powers. Golaknath set the stage for the eventual 'Basic Structure' doctrine established in the Kesavananda Bharati case.

In the Golaknath vs State of Punjab case (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that Fundamental Rights are given a transcendental position and the Parliament has no power to amend them. This decision was later modified in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), which introduced the Basic Structure doctrine. The Golaknath ruling specifically focused on the limitation of Article 368 regarding Part III of the Constitution.