Forestry and Plant Sciences

Teak is one of the finest timbers for railway sleepers due to its durability, natural resistance to decay and termites, and ability to withstand heavy loads. It has been traditionally used in Indian railways.

This form of binary tree is the one in which every non-leaf node has non-empty left and right subtrees.

Eucalyptus regnans (Australian mountain ash) is the tallest flowering tree species in the world, reaching heights over 100 meters. Sequoia (redwood) is also extremely tall but generally slightly shorter than the tallest Eucalyptus specimens. Pinus refers to pine trees, and Acanthocephalus is actually a parasitic worm genus, not a tree.

Silviculture is the science and practice of controlling forest establishment, composition, and growth. Sericulture is silk production, apiculture is beekeeping, and pisciculture is fish farming - none directly relate to planting trees.

Sundari trees (Heritiera fomes), found in the Sundarbans mangrove forests, produce durable and water-resistant timber traditionally used for boat construction and box manufacturing in coastal regions.

The Ri plasmids can be engineered to also contain T-DNA, used for genetic transformation (biotransformation) of the plant cells. The resulting genetically transformed root cultures can produce high levels of secondary metabolites, comparable or even higher than those of intact plants.

The main collection is woody species.

Complete tree is a tree in which each leaf node is at the same distance from the root.

Trees grow one annular ring per year in temperate climates. Counting these rings in a cross section of the trunk is the standard method for determining tree age.

During the night, plants undergo respiration rather than photosynthesis, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Sleeping under a tree at night can lead to a lower oxygen and higher carbon dioxide concentration.

Boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, help them shed snow. Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing.

Option 3 is the correct answer as it makes sense here.

A vessel element is one of the cell types found in xylem. Vessel elements are typically found in flowering plants (angiosperms) but absent from most gymnosperms, such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the hardwood of angiosperms from the softwood of conifers.

Option (1) is correct: As per Section 3 of Transfer of Property Act, 1882, immovable property doesn’t include standing timber, growing crops or grass.

Alburnum or sap wood is the outer, lighter-colored wood in tree trunks that conducts water and minerals. It contains living cells and is physiologically active. Heart wood is the inner, non-living part; autumn wood and spring wood refer to growth rings formed in different seasons.