Vocabulary and Synonyms

Ad valorem is Latin for 'according to value', typically referring to taxes or duties calculated based on the value of goods or property rather than on quantity or flat rates. It is specifically value-based, not utility-based.

Ad infinitum is Latin for 'to infinity' or 'without end', describing something that continues indefinitely or endlessly. It is the opposite of having an end or beginning point.

Vis-a-vis is French for 'face to face', meaning in direct relation to or compared with something/someone. It can also mean面对面 confrontation or direct comparison between two entities.

Viz is the abbreviation of 'videlicet', a Latin word meaning 'namely' or 'that is to say'. It is used to introduce specific examples or clarify what has been stated previously, similar to 'i.e.'

En route is a French phrase meaning on the way or during the journey to a destination. It describes someone or something that is currently traveling or in transit.

Eureka is Greek for I have found and is famously attributed to Archimedes when he discovered the principle of water displacement in his bathtub. It is exclaimed when making a sudden discovery or realization.

Fait accompli is a French phrase meaning an accomplished fact or something already done and irreversible. It describes a situation that has already occurred and cannot be changed or undone.

Ipso facto is a Latin phrase meaning by the very fact itself or by that very fact. It indicates that something is true or will happen as a direct and inevitable consequence of a specific fact or action.

'Handsome' primarily means physically attractive or good-looking in appearance. While it can sometimes describe generous or magnanimous behavior, its most common and direct meaning refers to physical attractiveness. 'Good-looking' directly captures this primary meaning. 'Noble' and 'Gentle' refer to character traits rather than appearance.

A 'rival' is someone who competes with another for the same objective, resource, or position. 'Competitor' directly captures this meaning. While rivals can sometimes be enemies (D), the core definition is about competition, not hostility. A 'partner' (A) suggests cooperation, not competition. A 'claimant' (C) is someone who claims something, which is different from rivalry.

'Recollect' means to recall, remember, or bring back to mind something from the past. It is synonymous with 'remember'. 'Recover' means to get back something lost or to regain health. 'Revive' means to bring back to life or consciousness. 'Memorise' means to commit to memory, which is the opposite process.

Civil describes behavior that is polite, courteous, and well-mannered in social interactions. While formal and sophisticated relate to style, and social relates to society, only polite directly captures the behavioral meaning of civil.

Aid means help, support, or assistance given to someone in need. Disease is unrelated, co-operation involves working together but isn't the same as aid, and super vision is a nonsensical term. Assistance is the direct synonym.

Allow means to give permission or permit something to happen. Seek means to search for, wish means to desire, and accept means to receive willingly. Permit is the direct synonym meaning to give authorization.

'Philistinism' is being pedantry, conventionalism, conformity, which implies that only a conventional would not have respect for literature and arts in present scenario. Hence, option (1) is the answer.