Disease Causative Agents

Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete that is transmitted through sexual contact or vertical transmission from mother to fetus. Unlike viral STDs, bacterial infections like syphilis can be treated effectively with antibiotics such as penicillin.

This is the correct option as all of the above are disease-causing organisms.

This is the correct option. AIDS is a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's weight, swollen lymph nodes, etc. Thus, it is also called 'slim disease'. 

This is the correct option. Arthritis is not a disease caused by extrinsic factors. It is caused by intrinsic factors.

This is the correct option. Common cold is caused by a virus.

This is the correct option. Intestinal infection is caused by worms.

This is the correct option as this is not a means of indirect transmission of diseases. It is a means of direct transmission of disease such as AIDS, syphilis, etc.

This is the correct option. The virus of hepatitis B is a blood-borne DNA virus.

This is the correct option. Rabies can be cured by Pasteur's treatment, which was discovered by Louis Pasteur.

Micronodular cirrhosis (regenerating nodules < 3mm) is classically seen in alcoholic liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, biliary obstruction, and hemochromatosis. Chronic hepatitis B and C typically produce macronodular cirrhosis with larger, irregular nodules. The 'except' question asks for the condition that does NOT cause micronodular cirrhosis.

Councilman bodies are apoptotic hepatocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei, pathognomonic for acute viral hepatitis. They represent individual cell death from viral injury. Alcoholic cirrhosis shows Mallory bodies, while Wilson's disease demonstrates copper accumulation.

Chlamydia trachomatis causes non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). As an obligate intracellular organism with no cell wall, it's not visible on routine Gram stain despite causing inflammation (pus cells).

Scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by the larval stage of trombiculid mites (chiggers). Reduvid bugs transmit Chagas disease, cyclops transmit guinea worm disease, and enteric pathogens cause various bacterial infections.

Epidemic dropsy is caused by consumption of adulterated mustard oil contaminated with sanguinarine, a toxic alkaloid from Argemone mexicana seeds. BOAA (beta-oxalylamino-L-alanine) causes neurolathyrism. Aflatoxin causes liver damage and is produced by Aspergillus flavus. Sanguinarine is the specific toxin responsible for epidemic dropsy.