Disease Causative Agents

Lupoid hepatitis is an auto-immune disease which causes liver cirrhosis. It maybe associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other connective tissue disorders. 60% of patients have chronic hepatitis that may mimic viral hepatitis, but without serologic evidence of a viral infection.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is the occurrence of SLE symptoms in an infant born from a mother with SLE, most commonly presenting with a rash resembling discoid lupus erythematosus, and sometimes with systemic abnormalities such as heart block or hepatosplenomegaly.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms.

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic, oftentimes severely debilitating disease of the urinary bladder. It is characterised by: pain associated with the bladder, pain associated with urination (dysuria), urinary frequency (as often as every 10 minutes), urgency, and/or pressure in the bladder and/or pelvis.

Avian influenza is also known as bird flu. It is an infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild birds worldwide in their intestines, but they do not get sick . It is very contagious among birds including domestic birds eg. chickens, ducks & turkeys and kill them. Virus are excreted from infected birds in their saliva, nasal secretions, & feces. Birds including domestic ones become infected through direct contact with other infected poultry, or through contact with infected surfaces (such as dirt or cages) or materials (such as water or feed).

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae).

Coxsackieviruses belongs to a group of viruses called enteroviruses. Coxsackieviruses were first isolated in suckling mice from the faeces of two children suffering from a poliomyelitis-like syndrome in the town of Coxsackie, New York.

The Arenaviridae are a family of viruses whose members are generally associated with rodent-transmitted disease in humans. Arenaviruses are round, oval, or pleomorphic with a range in size between 100 to 130 nm. They are enveloped particles, and the envelop contains club-shaped projections at its surface.

The flu, medically known as influenza, is a common infection of the respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, bronchial tubes and lungs. The flu is caused by a virus and is very contagious. The effects of the flu can vary from mild to severe to life-threatening, depending on the type of flu and individual factors, such as age, general health status, and coexisting conditions, such as renal failure.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, or LCM, is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease that presents as aseptic meningitis (inflammation of the membrane, or meninges, that surrounds the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or meningoencephalitis (inflammation of both the brain and meninges).

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. The disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Although TBE is most commonly recognized as a neurological disorder, mild fever can also occur.

Rabies remains as one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. In humans it is a lethal encephalitis. Carnivores, such as the dog, wolf, fox, and skunk, are the principal reservoirs, but the infection extends to bats and to some domesticated animals, such as cattle, goats, and swine. The infectious agent is transmitted to humans through contaminated saliva introduced into the wound of a bite.

Viral meningitis, also known as aseptic or non-bacterial meningitis, is an inflammation of the covering on the brain and spinal cord. The most common viral source is the enteroviruses, or common intestinal viruses, group. Direct contact with an infected person through respiratory secretions or fecal material is the main source of spreading of viral meningitis.

Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic morbilliform skin rash.

Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. The name rubella is derived from the Latin, meaning little red. Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians in the mid-eighteenth century.