Deficiency Diseases and Disorders

The deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) causes Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff-Syndrome. Lack of pantothenic acid causes Paresthesia diseases. The deficiency of biotin causes Dermatitis and Enteritis diseases. The deficiency of ascorbic acid causes Scurvy diseases. Hence, the correct match of codes is P - 3, Q - 5, R - 1, S - 4.

In humans, the important deficiency states due to the lack of retinoic acid in the diet are Xerosis Cornea, Bitot’s Spots and Follicullar Hyperkeratosis.

The lack of panthothenic acid in diet causes nausea, vomiting and tremor of the outstretched hands. Dermatitis of fingers and neck is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₃ or niacin. Behavioural abnormalities occur in riboflavin deficient children. The deficiency of ascorbic acid or vitamin C causes scurvy, pain in bones and bleeding gums. Hence, statement R is not true.

Rickets is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D. Hence, it is the correct answer.

Although an X-linked disease, this is still the SCID with the highest incidence

Immune suppression of other, non-paraprotein Ig isotypes is a diagnostic feature.

High levels of serum IgM (a large pentameric protein) make the plasma hyperviscous and this presents with headache, visual disturbances, nose bleeds, malaise or exertional dyspnoea.

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas. Types of NHL vary significantly in their severity, from slow growing to very aggressive. Since this is a T cell malignancy T cell NHL may follow.

Lathyrism is a neurological disease caused by excessive consumption of khesari dal (Lathyrus sativus or grass pea). The pulse contains a neurotoxin called ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid) which can cause paralysis if consumed as a major dietary staple over long periods. The condition was historically observed in areas affected by famines.

All listed statements regarding human nutrition and deficiency diseases are correct. Spinach is rich in vitamin A precursors and iron, excess vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium absorption, vitamin C deficiency can manifest as joint and connective tissue pain, and pellagra (niacin deficiency) features diarrhea along with dermatitis and dementia.

Yes, it is the correct answer. All other diseases are caused by virus, whereas cholera is caused by bacteria.

Deficiency diseases like scurvy (vitamin C), beriberi (thiamine), rickets (vitamin D), night blindness (vitamin A), and anemia (iron) are caused primarily by vitamin or mineral deficiencies. While protein deficiency causes kwashiorkor/marasmus, the term 'deficiency diseases' in common usage most directly refers to vitamin/mineral deficiencies.

Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by softening of the bones due to impaired bone mineralization, primarily caused by vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. Without adequate vitamin D, bones become weak and prone to fractures. This condition is different from osteoporosis (age-related bone loss) and is specifically related to the mineralization defect.

Pernicious anemia is a condition in which body cannot make enough red blood cells because it lacks vitamn B12.

Anemia is primarily caused by iron deficiency, which reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen due to insufficient hemoglobin production. Oxygen itself is not a nutrient whose deficiency causes anemia, and sulfur is not directly involved in hemoglobin synthesis. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type worldwide, making 'iron' the correct answer.