Cosmetology and Beauty Therapy

Plaque psoriasis causes raised, inflamed and reddend skin covered with silvery-white scales. These patches may itch and burn and may be seen on elbows, knees, scalp and lower back.

Replacement of epidermal layer of skin is physiological regeneration

Sulphur compounds have been traditionally used in hair setting treatments because they can help break and reform disulfide bonds in hair proteins, allowing for permanent styling. The other options are incorrect - phosphorus is a fertilizer element, chlorine is a disinfectant, and silicon is used in electronics and cosmetics as a different type of treatment.

Keratoacanthoma is a common low-grade malignancy that originates in pilosebaceous gland.

Lichenoid reaction is characterised by white, wavy, parallel, non-elevated striae that do not criss-cross.

Nodular basal cell carcinoma is the most common variety of basal cell carcinoma.

Arrector pili muscles are smooth muscles (unstriated) attached to hair follicles. When they contract, hair stands erect (goosebumps). Striated muscles are skeletal muscles under voluntary control, not involved in this involuntary reflex.

Pears soap launched the ad campaign 'Preparing to be a beautiful Lady' targeting young women and positioning their transparent soap as part of a beauty regimen. The campaign emphasized purity, gentleness, and the preparation for womanhood, consistent with Pears' traditional positioning around purity and transparency.

The tagline 'Add life to your skin' belongs to Revlon, a cosmetics and skincare brand. This slogan suggests that Revlon products enhance and vitalize your skin. The other brands listed (EverYuth, Ayur, Fair & Lovely) are skincare brands but this specific tagline is Revlon's.

A trichologist is a medical specialist who treats hair and scalp disorders. A dermatologist treats skin conditions broadly, a pugilist is a boxer, and a pathologist studies disease causes.

Periderm is the protective outer tissue that replaces epidermis in secondary growth. It consists of three parts: phellum (cork) - dead cells at the surface, phellogen (cork cambium) - meristem that produces cells, and phelloderm - living parenchyma cells on the inner side. Plerome and dermatogen are histogen theory terms.

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of 15-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes that have lost their nuclei and organelles. These cells are continuously shed and replaced from deeper layers. This cornified layer provides the primary barrier against water loss, pathogens, and mechanical damage.

Cicatricial (scarring) alopecia involves permanent hair loss from follicle destruction. Alopecia areata is NON-CICATRICIAL - it's an autoimmune condition with preserved follicles. The other options (pseudopelade, lichen planus, DLE) are all causes of scarring alopecia. The question asks for the exception (A/E).

Stratum malpighi (also called stratum basale or basal layer) is the deepest layer of the epidermis where maximum cell division (mitosis) occurs. This layer contains continuously dividing stem cells that continuously produce new keratinocytes. The other layers represent stages of keratinocyte differentiation: stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), and stratum corneum (dead, keratinized surface layer) have progressively less mitotic activity.

Stratum lucidum is found only in palms and soles. The skin found in the palms and soles is known as thick skin because it has 5 epidermal layers instead of 4.