Constitutional Amendments

The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, but came into effect on January 26, 1950, celebrated as Republic Day. 1947 marks independence from British rule, while 1956 relates to reorganization of states.

The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21-A to the Constitution, making free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 a fundamental right. This came into effect from April 1, 2010, following the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

Right- The first amendment was made to remove difficulties created by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, but came into force on January 26, 1950. January 26 was chosen as it was Purna Swaraj Day in 1930, symbolizing the fulfillment of the independence宣言.

Under Article 368, Constitutional amendments can be initiated in either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha). The amendment must be passed by a special majority (2/3 of members present and voting + majority of total membership) in each House separately. State legislatures only vote on some amendments (those affecting federal provisions).

Opion (2) is correct: 72^nd constitutional amendment gives a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. 

Gandhiji proposed transforming the Congress into 'Lok Seva Sangh' (People's Service Association) to focus on social work rather than political competition. This was part of his vision for Congress post-independence. The other options are similar-sounding but incorrect terms.

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution. This article specifies the procedure for constitutional amendments, requiring a special majority in Parliament and ratification by states for certain provisions.

The Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was added by the First Amendment in 1951 to include land reform laws. It was created to protect laws related to land reform from judicial review. The other schedules serve different purposes.

The proviso to Article 368(2) lists specific provisions requiring state ratification, including the 7th Schedule, Article 368 itself, and the extent of Union/State executive power (Articles 73 and 162). Article 161, which deals with the Governor's power to grant pardons, is not included in this list and can be amended by Parliament alone.

The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 (enacted in 2004) limited the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha or the State Legislative Assembly. It also strengthened the anti-defection laws by removing the protection previously given to splits.

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, which dealt with Municipalities, provided for the creation of Metropolitan Planning Committees under Article 243ZE. These committees are responsible for preparing draft development plans for metropolitan areas.