Constitutional Amendments

Right- The first amendment was made to remove difficulties created by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, but came into force on January 26, 1950. January 26 was chosen as it was Purna Swaraj Day in 1930, symbolizing the fulfillment of the independence宣言.

Under Article 368, Constitutional amendments can be initiated in either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha). The amendment must be passed by a special majority (2/3 of members present and voting + majority of total membership) in each House separately. State legislatures only vote on some amendments (those affecting federal provisions).

Opion (2) is correct: 72^nd constitutional amendment gives a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. 

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution. This article specifies the procedure for constitutional amendments, requiring a special majority in Parliament and ratification by states for certain provisions.

The Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was added by the First Amendment in 1951 to include land reform laws. It was created to protect laws related to land reform from judicial review. The other schedules serve different purposes.

The proviso to Article 368(2) lists specific provisions requiring state ratification, including the 7th Schedule, Article 368 itself, and the extent of Union/State executive power (Articles 73 and 162). Article 161, which deals with the Governor's power to grant pardons, is not included in this list and can be amended by Parliament alone.

The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 (enacted in 2004) limited the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha or the State Legislative Assembly. It also strengthened the anti-defection laws by removing the protection previously given to splits.

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, which dealt with Municipalities, provided for the creation of Metropolitan Planning Committees under Article 243ZE. These committees are responsible for preparing draft development plans for metropolitan areas.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, which gave constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions, was passed in December 1992 and officially came into force on April 24, 1993.

The 85th Constitutional Amendment of 2002 amended article 16 to provide consequential seniority to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates promoted in government service. Since this topic is not listed among options A, B, or C, the correct answer is none of these.

Most provisions of the Indian Constitution can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament alone under Article 368, without requiring the consent of state legislatures, which is only necessary for federal structure amendments.

The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, but it officially came into force on January 26, 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day.

The 36th Amendment Act of 1975 made Sikkim a full-fledged state of the Indian Union.

Under Article 368 of the Constitution, amendments can be introduced in either house of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha). State legislatures cannot initiate constitutional amendments.