Constitutional Amendments

The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) added the words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity' to the Preamble. Republic, Federal (India is quasi-federal, not explicitly stated as federal), and Sovereign were already present in the original Preamble. The amendment was enacted during the Emergency period.

The Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote, was ratified on August 18, 1920, after decades of suffrage activism. This concluded the women's suffrage movement that began in the mid-19th century.

The Indian Constitution, when adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced on 26th January 1950, originally contained 395 articles organized into 22 parts and 8 schedules. This structure has since been amended multiple times, but the original composition is an important foundational fact in Indian polity.

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. It came into effect on 26th January 1950 (Republic Day). August 1947 is independence, and January 1948 has no constitutional significance.

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949, not 26th January 1950. January 26, 1950 is when it came into effect as the law of the land, celebrated as Republic Day. November 26 is now observed as Constitution Day.

The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, but came into force on January 26, 1950. This date was chosen to honor the declaration of Purna Swaraj (complete independence) made by the Indian National Congress in 1930. January 26 is celebrated as Republic Day. August 15, 1947 was Independence Day when India gained freedom from British rule.

The Constitution of India came into effect on January 26, 1950, celebrated annually as Republic Day. This date marked India's transition from a British dominion to a sovereign republic. August 15, 1947 was Independence Day, and January 26, 1949 is when the Constituent Assembly finalized the drafting.

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949. It came into force on 26 January 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day. 26 November is now observed as Constitution Day.

The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, celebrated as Republic Day. The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949, but it was implemented two months later. 15 August 1947 marks India's independence from British rule, not the Constitution.

The first draft of the Indian Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. It came into effect on 26th January 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day.

The 71st Constitutional Amendment (1992) added Manipuri, Nepali, and Konkani to the 8th Schedule of the Constitution, increasing the number of recognized languages from 18 to 22.

In the Golaknath case (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that fundamental rights cannot be amended by Parliament under Article 368. Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established the 'basic structure' doctrine. Minerva Mills (1980) reaffirmed basic structure. Maneka Gandhi (1978) expanded Article 21 interpretation.