Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

Virus refers to a series of commands that replicates itself on the other computer systems and hacks all the person information of the system which is transmitted to the user of that virus. 

When level 2 virus is present there in computer, it damages  the target data files. Virus performs the destructive functions for the computer, data files and other programmes of computer are suffered due to the presence of Level 2 virus.

Level-1 virus leads to the disruption of files and programme in computer software. Virus enters the computer software without the knowledge of user and performs the malicious actions that affects the functioning of computers.

Presence of level 3 virus affects the complete system of computer. This virus is much more destructive than virus 1 and virus 2. It affects the functioning of complete system and its mere presence can destroy the whole system and data transmission becomes very difficult.

Microsoft Office is an example of a closed-source software.

Closed source (or proprietary software) means computer programs whose source code is not published. The source code is not shared with the public for anyone to look at or change. Closed source is not open source, but some software is neither, because open source also implies the freedom to redistribute.

Examples of closed source software for commercial use are Microsoft Office, Adobe Acrobat, McAfee anti-virus software, and so on. Examples of closed source software not distributed commercially would be proprietary software used to operate a proprietary operation at a bank or a factory.

A  Mobile switching centre is a computerized centre, that is responsible for connecting calls, recording call information and billing.

A mobile switching center (MSC) is the centerpiece of a network switching subsystem (NSS). The MSC is mostly associated with communications switching functions, such as call set-up, release, and routing. The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) is a telephone exchange that makes the connection between mobile users within the network, from mobile users to the public switched telephone network and from mobile users to other mobile networks.

BSC. The Base Station Controller (BSC) is in control of and supervises a number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The BSC is responsible for the allocation of radio resources to a mobile call and for the handovers that are made between base stations under his control. Other handovers are under control of the MSC.

Base Transciever Station (BTS) The BTS is a telecoms infrastructure used to facilitate wireless communication between subscriber device and telecoms operator network. The subscriber device can be mobile phone, wireless internet devices while the operator network could be a GSM, CDMA or TDMA platform.

• Six classes of simple machine are
• Inclined plane.
• Lever.
• Pulley.
• Screw.
• Wedge.
• Wheel and axle.

A lever is a fundamental simple machine. Cars, computers, and air conditioners are complex machines composed of many simple machines.

GIGO means garbage in garbage out which means if you provide garbage as input the result /output will be garbage only . so if you input incorrect data the output would be not informative and would we incorrect

An IBM System/38 represents the computer class of small-scale computer.

The System/38 was a midrange computer server platform manufactured and sold by the IBM Corporation. The system offered a number of innovative features, and was the brainchild of Frank Soltis and Glenn Henry. IBM announced the System/38 in 1978.

The System/38 was a midrange computer server platform manufactured and sold by the IBM Corporation. The system offered a number of innovative features, and was the brainchild of Frank Soltis and Glenn Henry. IBM announced the System/38 in 1978.[1] Developed under the code-name "Pacific", it was made commercially available in August 1979. The System/38 was oriented toward a multi-user system environment.

Opteron is the name of the 64-bit Microprocessor developed by AMD.

Opteron is family of 64-bit x86 server uniprocessors and multiprocessors designed by AMD as a successor to the Athlon MP family. Opteron processors are designed for workstations and servers and are a direct competition to Intel's Xeon processors.

Opteron is the name of a family of CPUs within the AMD64 line. Designed by AMD for the server market, it competes with Intel's Xeon. For Socket 940 and Socket 939 Opterons, each chip has a three-digit model number, in the form Opteron XYY.

Opteron is AMD's x86 former server and workstation processor line, and was the first processor which supported the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). It was released on April 22, 2003, with the SledgeHammer core (K8) and was intended to compete in the server and workstation markets, particularly in the same segment as the Intel Xeon processor. Processors based on the AMD K10 microarchitecture (codenamed Barcelona) were announced on September 10, 2007, featuring a new quad-core configuration.

AMD's main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations and personal computers, and embedded systems applications. AMD is the second-largest supplier and only significant rival to Intel in the market for x86-based microprocessors.

A computer will function only if  has a program in its memory.

The chips that make up a computer's internal memory come in two broad flavors known as RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only memory). RAM chips remember things only while a computer is powered on, so they're used for storing whatever a computer is working on in the very short term.

Organizing Data Storage. Data is stored as lots of binary numbers, by magnetism, electronics or optics. ... The computer's BIOS contains simple instructions, stored as data in electronic memory, to move data in and out of different storage locations and around the computer for processing.

The proper definition of a modern digital computer is an electronic automated machine that can solve problems involving words and numbers

In computer science, a digital electronic computer is a computer machine which is both an electronic computer and a digital computer. Examples of a digital electronic computers include the IBM PC, the Apple Macintosh as well as modern smartphones.

Advantages commonly attributed to automation include higher production rates and increased productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour, and reduced factory lead times.

A 'number crunching' computer is one that can handle a Large volume of numbers.

a person or thing that performs a great many numerical calculations, as a financial analyst, statistician, computer, or computer program.

The number of bits on a computer hard disk (as of 2010, typically about 1013, 500–1000 GB) The estimated number of atoms in the observable universe (1080) Earth's mass consist of about (4x1051) nucleons. The number of cells in the human body (more than 1014)

The number 2,147,483,647 (or hexadecimal 7FFF,FFFF16) is the maximum positive value for a 32-bit signed binary integer in computing. It is therefore the maximum value for variables declared as integers (e.g., as int ) in many programming languages, and the maximum possible score, money, etc. for many video games.

A googol, for example, is 10^100, which has 101 digits. The largest known prime number has over 17 million digits. A googolplex is 10 raised to the googol power, so it has approximately a googol digits.

Mainframe computers use the 8 bit code called EBCDIC.

Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.