Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term halogen means salt-former and compounds containing halogens are called salts. All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter:

Aluminium chloride is the main compound of aluminium and chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron trichloride. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium metal. The compound is a Lewis acid.

Diisobutylaluminium hydride is a reducing agent .It is useful in organic synthesis for a variety of reductions and converting esters and nitriles to aldehydes. It efficiently reduces α-β unsaturated esters to the corresponding allylic alcohol. It acts as a co-catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.

Ethylene carbonate is an ester of ethylene glycol and carbonic acid. Ethylene carbonate is used as a polar solvent.  It can be used as a high permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.

Transmetalation is a general chemical reaction in organometallic chemistry describing the exchange of ligands between two metal centres.

2-Cyanoguanidine is a nitrile derived from guanidine. It is a dimer of cyanamide, from which it can be prepared. 2-Cyanoguanidine is a colourless solid that is soluble in water, acetone, and alcohol, but not in diethyl ether or chloroform.

I₃^- ion has three lone pair of electron because I^- atom containing eight electrons instead of seven, two electron are shared with two I^-atom and remaining three lone pairs are left.

This option is correct,   the speier catalyst is generated from chloroplatinic acid. It is used in hydrosilyation,  i.e.,  called catalytic hydrosilylation.

This option is correct,  because the shift reagent [tris-(dipivalomethanato)europium] are ion in a rare earth coordinate to organic ligand such as beta-ketone of Eu⁺³. These are synthesized more recent shift reagent.

In the structure of diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms by covalent bonds.

Correct option is (1). 

Correct option is (2). 

All the ions are isoelectronic. They contain same number of electronic shells. Hence the size decreases with the increase in nuclearcharge (atomic number). So the correct order is given in option 1

The number of protons remaining the same the effective nuclear charge increase. Hence the size of the ion becomes smaller than thesize of the neutral atom

Fluoride ion has (9 + 1) = 10 electrons. Hence neon is iso-electronic with it