Cellular Respiration and Enzymes

Pyruvic acid forms lactic acid in the absence of oxygen in muscles.

ATP is the energy currency of the cell. 

In biochemistry, the pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and thehexose monophosphate shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH andpentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as Ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 6-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol; in plants, most steps take place in plastids.

α lactoalbumin is a subunit of lactate synthase, which results in lactate synthesis. It acts as a lactose synthase modifier that catalizes lactate synthesis.

6 ATPs from two NADH compound, 2 from 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate kinase and another 2 from pyruvate kinase. But 2 ATPs are deducted during ATP to ADP conversion. So, 10 - 2 = 8 ATPs.

The enzyme breaks fructose 1,6- diphosphate into glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP).

FAD is converted to FADH₂ during formation of fumarate from succinate by the help of succinate dehydrogenase.

Gluconeogenesis is the process which occurrs partially in mitochondria and partially in cytosol.

If insulin decreases, glycolysis and glycogenesis pathways are stimulated to utilise more glucose while gluconeogenesis is inhibited for preventing the formation of extra glucose.

Transamination is the initial reaction of amino acid metabolism.

During electron transport chain, oxygen is used as a final acceptor.

8 cycles of beta oxidation = 8 x 5 = 40 ATP, 9 acetyl Co-A entering into the TCA cycle = 9 x 12 = 108 ATP. 2 ATPs are utilised for activation of stearic acid to stearyl Co-A. So, net yield is = (108 + 40) - 2 = 146 ATP.

Fatty acids can be used in cellular respiration, they do not have to be turned into glucose first.  Instead, the fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon molecules that enter the cellular respiration events to make ATP.  Glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, gets broken down into 3-carbon and then 2-carbon molecules as it goes through cellular respiration.  Therefore, the 2-carbon molecules from fatty acids just join into the process where the 2-carbon molecules are normally used.   Because they join in a little late in the process, they donot yield as much energy as glucose does, but they still generate some ATP. 

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the primary enzyme responsible for fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. The other enzymes listed serve different roles in metabolic pathways.

Cyanide binds to the iron in cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) in the electron transport chain, effectively halting oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production.