Cellular Respiration and Enzymes

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, electron transport proteins in the thylakoid membrane use the energy from electron flow to pump hydrogen ions (protons) from the stroma into the thylakoid space, creating a gradient for ATP synthesis.

ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing immediate energy for various cellular processes.

This option is correct. Administration of sphingosine-1-phosphate protects oocytes from chemotherapeutic agents in vitro as well as in vivo.

This option is correct. In purine synthesis, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is turned into inosine monophosphate.

Thermogenin present in the mitochondria of brown adipose (fat) cells form an alternate channel for protons, disrupting the formation of the proton gradient and uncoupling proton passage from ATP formation. The energy that normally would synthesize ATP is instead released as heat—the needs of hibernating animals. Rerouting ATP formation to release heat is called thermogenesis.

ATP - Adenosine tri phosphate, molecule found in all living organisms that is the main immediate source of usable energy for the activities of the cell. ATP (Adenosine tri phosphate) is provided in the form of energy by the cell organelle- mitochondria. 

These are the enzymes, that actively catalyze the formation of a chemical bond, between two unrelated molecules. They add molecular groups to a substrate.

These are enzymes that catalyze only isomerization reactions. These enzymes are responsible for the chemical interconversion of aldose to ketose sugars, as an example.

It is a type of condensation reaction, in which, monomers join together into polymers, while losing water molecules. This process is carried out, by losing from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and they combine forming water. When small organic sugar molecules are chemically joined, a water molecule must be removed.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and leave the cell via simple diffusion. Water enters and leaves via osmosis. During the day the leaf takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen and water vapour. Since it is also using energy, it will also give off small amounts of carbon dioxide. At night, it is not carrying on photosynthesis, so the oxygen and water vapour, are not being given off. The carbon dioxide that is being produced by respiration, is used in the dark reactions making sugar. Living cells need ATP to carry on active transport. Using energy, ions and small molecules may be pumped into or out of a cell, even against a concentration gradient.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cell and does not need oxygen. Its is a common process in all living beings. Glycolysis is also called E.M.P. pathway. There is a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules in glycolysis. It is a common stage in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration .

The compounds that are oxidized during aerobic respiration are known as respiratory substrate which releases the entire energy available in the glucose.

ATP- Adenosine Tri-Phosphate is a highly energetic molecule which is generally known as energy carrier of the cell. This chemical compound is very significant in biology as it stores the high amount of energy required for the vital functions of the cell. The energy released in respiration is stored in in the form of ATP

Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate(pyruvic acid), it makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced; however, two are consumed for the preparatory phase.So, the net gain of ATP molecules is 2.

 Whenever we perform intense physical exercises, our muscles use anaerobic respiration and produces lactic acid.