Cardiovascular and Nervous System

This answer is correct. The closure of AV-valve at the beginning of ventricular systole produces a sound “lubb” and is known as the first heart sound.

This answer is correct. When the heart beats, it contracts and pushes blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. This force creates pressure on the arteries. This is called systolic blood pressure.

Syncope is the medical term for temporary loss of consciousness or fainting. It occurs when there's a sudden decrease in blood flow to the brain, often caused by a drop in blood pressure, dehydration, or standing up too quickly (orthostatic hypotension). Vasovagal syncope is the most common type, triggered by emotional stress or pain.

Tachycardia is the medical term for an abnormally rapid heart rate, typically defined as more than 100 beats per minute at rest. It can be caused by various factors including stress, exercise, medications, or underlying heart conditions. Options A, B, and D refer to different medical conditions (parasitic infection, contagious disease, and paralysis) unrelated to heart rate.

Hypoplasia can affect the heart, typically resulting in the under development of the right ventricle or the left ventricle. This results in only one side of the heart capable of pumping blood to the body and lungs effectively.

A serous membrane that surrounds the heart allowing it to contract.

Cardiac fibrosis refers to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts.

Atria of the heart are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus, this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery.

Dextrocardia is a congenital defect in which the heart is situated on the right side of the body.

The pulmonary valve is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps.

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart defect in which the opening of the tricuspid valve is displaced towards the apex of the right ventricle of the heart.

Pulmonary atresia is a congenital malformation of the pulmonary valve in which the valve orifice fails to develop. The valve is completely closed thereby obstructing the outflow of blood from the heart to the lungs.

The rare fourth heart sound when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop. This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff/hypertrophic ventricle.

 Narrowing of heart vessels may occur due to clogging by cholesterol or other reasons and abnormal narrowing is called stenosis.

The mitral valve is the bicuspid valve found between the left atrium and the ventricle. The function of the valve is to prevent back flow of blood into the left atrium.