Carbon and Fossil Fuels

Coke is used as a fuel and a reducing agent in smelting of iron ore in a blast furnace. In this process, iron oxide (haematite) is reduced to collect iron.

Gross Calorific Value (GCV (kJ/kg)) Anthracite: 32500 - 34000 Lignite: 16300 Bituminous coal: 17000 - 23250 Peat: 13800 - 20500

Petroleum refining process forms paraffin wax, which is a product made from the constituents of petroleum and is used for making candles.

Fertiliser manufacturing industries use ammoniacal liquor, which is a by-product of coal tar, which in turn is obtained during the destructive distillation of coal. All other products are manufactured with the use of petroleum constituents.

Automobiles do not use coal as fuel.

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

Coal tar has an unpleasant smell.

Haematite is an iron ore, not a stage during formation of coal.

Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal. This is the correct answer.

When coal and petroleum are burnt, oxides of sulphur (sulphur dioxide), oxides of carbon (carbon dioxide) and oxides of nitrogen (nitrogen dioxide) are released.

A good fuel should have a high calorific value to provide maximum energy per unit mass. A low calorific value would make it inefficient.

Tetraethyl lead was historically added to gasoline as an anti-knock agent to prevent premature detonation (knocking) in internal combustion engines.

This is the correct option as dissolution of rubber in alcohol is not an example of a chemical change. It is an example of a physical change.

This option is correct because green oil shows fluorescence. Both anthracene and phenanthrene are present in green oil.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, such as ethyne (acetylene), burn with a yellow sooty flame due to incomplete combustion.