Carbon and Fossil Fuels

Lubricating oil, petrol and diesel are the products, which are obtained by the processing of petroleum. Petroleum is the crude oil obtained by decomposition of organic matter and has foul smell. 

Coal tar is obtained from the processing of coal. It can easily take up variety of colours. It is a thick viscous substance and thus, is useful for making paints, dyes, etc. 

Natural gas accumulates above the surface of petroleum oil during its formation. Methane is formed in a natural way or obtained during the formation of petroleum oil. Biogas is produced by biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Coal gas is obtained as a by-product during the processing of coal so as to obtain coke. 

Combustion produces both heat and light (option C). Combustion is an exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidant that releases energy in the form of heat and often light (as in flames). Options A and B are incomplete as combustion typically produces both, and option D is incorrect because heat and light are indeed produced.

Water gas (CO + H2 mixture) is produced by passing steam over white-hot coke (carbon) at about 1000°C. The endothermic reaction is: C + H2O → CO + H2. This is an important industrial gas mixture.

Carbon black is extensively used as a reinforcing filler and filter in rubber tyres. It improves the strength, durability, and UV resistance of the rubber while also providing the characteristic black colour. The other options (graphite, coal, coke) are not typically used in tyre manufacturing.

Paraffin wax is a petroleum wax derived from petroleum crude oil. It consists of saturated hydrocarbons and is widely used in candles, cosmetics, and food packaging. Bees wax is natural (from bees), carnauba wax comes from palm leaves, and jojoba wax is extracted from jojoba seeds.

Antimony sulphide (Sb2S3) is the combustible material at the tip of a safety match. When the match is struck against the striker surface (containing red phosphorus), friction generates heat that ignites the antimony sulphide, which then ignites the match stick. Sulphur is also present but antimony sulphide is the primary combustible.

Powder type fire extinguishers (dry chemical extinguishers) are effective against petroleum fires because they smother the flames and interrupt the chemical reaction. Foam extinguishers can also be used on petroleum fires, but powder type (ABC dry chemical) is more versatile and commonly used.

1 gram of LPG produces approximately 46-50 kilo Joules of energy, with 50 kJ being the standard approximation used. LPG is a high-energy-density fuel commonly used for cooking and heating. The other options are either too low or too high for the energy content of 1 gram.

Potassium picrate, or potassium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate, is an organic chemical, a picrate of potassium. It is a reddish yellow or green crystalline material. It is a primary explosive. Anhydrous potassium picrate forms orthorhombic crystals.

Formation of petroleum does not take place on or inside the earth. It takes place in the sea from the remains of sea plants and animals.

Formation of fossil fuels requires high temperature, high pressure and absence of air/oxygen so that the activity of decomposition is maximized.

 Gold refers to a substance, which is either very costly or has got a high commercial value. Petroleum is called black gold because of its dark brown colour and its great commercial importance.