Carbohydrates and Biomolecules

Lactose is naturally present in mammalian milk and is commonly referred to as milk sugar. It is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. Maltose is found in germinating grains, sucrose is common table sugar from plants, and glucose is a simple monosaccharide.

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates because they consist of a single sugar unit that cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units.

This option is correct because xylitol is a white odourless crystalline powder that has been used as a sweetening agent in food for over 40 years. The substance occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and sorbitol occurs naturally in various fruits and berries. First discovered in 1872, it is today commercially produced by the hydrogenation of glucose and is available in both liquid and crystalline forms. This pair represents natural sweeteners.

This option is correct because neotame is an artificial sweetener made by NutraSweet that is between 7000 and 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose. It is moderately heat-stable, extremely potent, rapidly metabolized, completely eliminated, and does not appear to accumulate in the body.

This option is correct because monellin is a sweet protein, which was discovered in 1969 in the fruit of the West African shrub known as serendipity berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii) and it was first reported as a carbohydrate.

This option is correct because curculin is a sweet protein that was discovered and isolated in 1990 from the fruit of Curculigo latifolia. It has sweetness value is 550. Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins extracted from the seed of Mabinlang (Capparis masaikai Levl.). Mabinlin has the sweetness value of 100.

This option is wrong because alitame and sucralose are not broken down by the body and are non-caloric.

This option is correct because miraculin is a natural sugar substitute, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum. The berry is also known as the miracle fruit.

This option is correct because sucralose is trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are like sugar. It is stable at cooking temperature.

Aspartame is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. In the European Union, it is codified as E951. Aspartame is a methyl ester of the aminosuccinic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide.

This option is correct because NutraSweet (aspartame) is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages.

This option is correct because acesulfame-K is a synthetic compound that acts as a synergist with other sweeteners. Its sweetness value is 200.

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose, not only by glucose.

In solutions, the open-chain form of glucose (either D- or L-) exists in equilibrium with several cyclic isomers, each containing a ring of carbons closed by one oxygen atom. In aqueous solution, however, glucose exists as pyranose for more than 99%. The open-chain form is limited to about 0.25% and furanose exists in negligible amounts.

Sucrose is an organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called as saccharose. The molecule is a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides; glucose and fructose with the molecular formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.